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Optical Fiber Communication Conference

Demonstration of Reference Frame Independent Quantum Key Distribution with Integrated Optical Circuits

Kyongchun Lim, Byung‐Seok Choi, Joong‐Seon Choe, Ju Hee Baek, Minchul Kim, Kap‐Joong Kim, Chun Ju Youn

Published Mar 1, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Free-space quantum key distribution usually requires limited space and weight. We implement reference frame independent quantum key distribution protocol with chip-scale integrated optical circuits such as laser diode, variable optical attenuator, and polarization beam combiner.
DOI
10.23919/ofc49934.2023.10116927

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Deployable quantum key distribution (QKD) for free-space link must be both reference frame tolerant and hardware compact, yet existing free-space implementations still rely on bulk optics and active alignment. To address this gap, we develop the first reference frame independent (RFI) QKD transmitter fully integrated on a photonic-integrated circuit (PIC) and packaged in a CFP2 optical-transceiver form factor. The PIC incorporates a six-channel laser diode array, a six-channel variable optical attenuator array, and a polarization beam combiner, providing wavelength indistinguishability and high polarization fidelity. Combined with a micro-optics based polarization decoder and a bidirectional two-stage pointing, acquisition, and tracking (PAT) system, the PIC transmitter forms a complete free-space RFI QKD system. Based on the system, RFI QKD is performed with 10 m free-space channel, providing that QBERs measured in the same basis are below 3.81 % and the security parameter is1.77±0.021.77\pm 0.021.77±0.02. This leads a stable secret key rate of77.33±1.65kbps77.33\pm 1.65 \text{kbps}77.33±1.65kbpsfor 100 s. These results verify the feasibility of PIC-based RFI QKD transmitter and establish a clear pathway toward fully deployable PIC-based QKD systems.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is moving from research laboratories towards applications. As computing becomes more mobile, cashless as well as cardless payment solutions are introduced. A possible route to increase the security of wireless communications is to incorporate QKD in a mobile device. Handheld devices present a particular challenge as the orientation and the phase of a qubit will depend on device motion. This problem is addressed by the reference frame independent (RFI) QKD scheme. The scheme tolerates an unknown phase between logical states that vary slowly compared to the rate of particle repetition. Here we experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of RFI QKD over a free-space link in a prepare and measure scheme using polarization encoding. We extend the security analysis of the RFI QKD scheme to be able to deal with uncalibrated devices and a finite number of measurements. Together these advances are an important step towards mass production of handheld QKD devices.
The protocol of reference-frame-independent measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution has many advantages compared with other existing quantum key distribution protocols, and thus has many interesting applications in the field of quantum information. In this paper, we propose a scheme on the reference-frame-independent measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution by implementing heralded single-photon sources, where we only need to modulate pump light into two intensities (vacuum and nonvacuum). Through numerical simulations, we demonstrate that our scheme can exhibit much longer transmission distance than the standard three-intensity decoy-state measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution under a reference-frame-independent scenario.