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Food Agricultural Sciences and Technology (FAST)

Quantum theory of matter in bulk: Modern treatment

E. B. Manoukian

Published Jan 1, 2016• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A systematic mathematical modern presentation is given, providing in a direct way the underlying technical details, to show how quantum theory, with the Pauli exclusion principle, has, over the years, solved the problem of why matter in bulk is stable and occupies so large a volume.
DOI
10.14456/randk.2016.4

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The history of the exclusion principle is already an old one, but its conclusion has not yet been written. It is now eighty years since Wolfgang Pauli introduced an ‘extremely natural’ prescriptive rule, while dealing with some spectroscopic anomalies that beset physicists in the heyday of the old quantum theory. The rule excluded the possibility that any two bound electrons in an atom were in the same dynamic state, identified by a set of four quantum numbers. Hence the name of Ausschlieβungsregel (exclusion rule), or Pauli's Verbot (Pauli's veto) as Werner Heisenberg nicknamed it. The far-reaching physical significance of this rule became clear only later. From spectroscopy to atomic physics, from quantum field theory to high-energy physics, there is hardly another scientific principle that has more far-reaching implications than Pauli's exclusion principle. It is thanks to Pauli's principle that one obtains the electronic configurations underlying the classification of chemical elements in Mendeleev's periodic table as well as atomic spectra. To this same principle we credit the statistical behaviour of any half-integral spin particles (protons, neutrons, among many others) and the stability of matter. Shifting to high-energy physics, it is the exclusion principle that fixes the crucial constraint for binding quarks in hadrons, which together with leptons compose our physical world. This book advances a philosophical analysis of the enduring and far-reaching validity of Pauli's principle. It does not aim to address what a scientific principle is.
Abstract The exclusion principle is one of the most far-reaching theorems in physics. In a telegram to the Nobel committee, quoted in [1], Einstein wrote: ‘Nominate Wolfgang Pauli for physics prize stop his contributions to modern quantum theory consisting of so-called Pauli or exclusion principle became fundamental part of modern physics being independent from other basic axioms of that theory stop Albert Einstein.’ It is interesting to note that quantum mechanics, the theory Einstein alluded to, was formulated a little after the Pauli principle.
The paper represents a rigorous treatment of the underlying quantum theory, not just in words but providing the underlying technical details, as to why matter occupies so large a volume and its intimate connection with the Pauli exclusion principle, as more and more matter is put together, as well as of the contraction or shrinkage of “bosonic matter”, upon collapse, for which the Pauli exclusion is abolished. From the derived explicit bounds of integrals of powers of the particle number densities, explicit bounds on probabilities of the occurrences of the events just described are extracted. These probabilities lead one to infer the change of the “size” or extension of such matter, upon expansion or contraction, respectively, as their content is increased.
The Pauli exclusion principle (PEP) is one of the basic principles of the modern physics. Being at the very basis of our understanding of matter, it spurs, presently, a lively debate on its possible limits, deeply rooted in the very foundations of Quantum Field Theory. Therefore, it is extremely important to test the limits of its validity. Quon theory provides a suitable mathematical framework of possible violation of PEP, where the violation parameter q translates into a probability of violating PEP. Experimentally, setting a bound on PEP violation means confining the violation parameter to a value very close to either 1 (for bosons) or −1 (for fermions). The VIP (VIolation of the Pauli exclusion principle) experiment established a limit on the probability that PEP is violated by electrons, using the method of searching for PEP forbidden atomic transitions in copper. We describe the experimental method, the obtained results, both in terms of the q-parameter from quon theory and as probability of PEP violation, we briefly discuss them and present future plans to go beyond the actual limit by upgrading the experimental technique using vetoed new spectroscopical fast Silicon Drift Detectors. We also mention the possibility of using a similar experimental technique to search for eventual X-rays, generated in the spontaneous collapse models.