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Journal of Mathematical Physics

Dynamical confinement for Schrödinger operators with magnetic potential and Aharonov–Bohm effect

César R. de Oliveira, Renan Gambale Romano

Published Jan 1, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A magnetic potential is included in the so-called (quantum) dynamical confinement to open sets of Rd; gauge transformations are also discussed. Then, the results are applied to the Aharonov–Bohm model in the plane (the solenoid is a disk of radius greater than zero) in order to get some examples of operators confining the electron outside the solenoid.

DOI
10.1063/5.0159003

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A magnetic potential is included in the so-called (quantum) dynamical confinement to open sets of Rd; gauge transformations are also discussed. Then, the results are applied to the Aharonov–Bohm model in the plane (the solenoid is a disk of radius greater than zero) in order to get some examples of operators confining the electron outside the solenoid.
We add a scalar potential to the 2D Aharonov-Bohm (AB) model which properly diverges both at the solenoid border and at infinity so that the resulting operator is essentially self-adjoint and has a discrete spectrum; the former property is interpreted as no contact of the particle with the solenoid border since there is no need of boundary conditions. We study gauge transformations to get the usual periodic behavior of the AB properties as a function of the magnetic flux. The presence of the AB effect is proven through the ground state energy, which is shown to be smooth in case it is simple and with a nonzero derivative if the ground state is real valued; such properties are verified in the case of circular solenoids, for which it is shown to be a nonconstant periodic function with a minimum at integer and a maximum at half-integer circulations (at half-integer circulations, it is doubly degenerated).
The Aharonov-Bohm effect is reconsidered as a scattering event of an electron by a magnetic field confined in an infinite solenoid of finite radius both in the situation where the solenoid is penetrable as well as impenetrable. We next discuss the validity of the Born approximation for the partial-wave scattering amplitudes and explain why for the cylindrically symmetric (m=0)(m=0)(m=0) partial wave the first Born approximation fails in the long-wavelength limit or as the radius of the solenoid shrinks to zero.
In quantum mechanics, the magnetic field has a physical effect beyond its local presence. For axially symmetric vector potentials, A=A(s,z)ϕ̂, it is the magnetic flux that plays a central role in both interference experiments (as in the Aharonov-Bohm effect) and in bound state spectra for a particle constrained to move in a circle. The flux dependence is evident in various configurations, and we have chosen two applications to highlight the non-local nature of the quantum mechanical magnetic field dependence: A finite solenoid and a Dirac string with a non-zero radius. The finite solenoid is interesting because it represents the actual experimental apparatus for measuring the Aharonov-Bohm effect. The Dirac string provides an electric charge quantization mechanism that depends on where the quantization argument is applied, yielding different fundamental charge units for different locations.
In the space R3\mathbb R^3R3, for Robin parameter L>0L>0L>0, it is shown that there is a family of Schrödinger operators with penetrable toroidal solenoid and variable conductivity that approximates the magnetic Aharonov-Bohm operator with a Robin boundary condition at the solenoid (border). It is also shown that approximations via smooth potentials and then a barrier in the solenoid interior give Dirichlet boundary conditions. The approximations are in the strong resolvent sense and obtained through the ΓΓΓ-convergence technique, and they hold for the more general setting of smooth, closed and compact surfaces and continuous and bounded magnetic potentials.
The Aharonov-Bohm effect is investigated in the Feynman path-integral formulation of quantum mechanics. We consider an idealized situation with an electron moving in a magnetic-field-free region outside a solenoid whose radius to length ratio is very small. The nonvanishing vector potential term in the Lagrangian is written as an angular-velocity-dependent potential. In order to account for a singularity due to the presence of the solenoid itself, a periodic constraint is imposed on the path integral. The propagator can then be evaluated using the polar-coordinate methods of Peak and Inomata. It is found that the propagator has the general form $K({\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}},{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}}}^{\ensuremath{'}};\ensuremath{\tau})=\ensuremath{\Sigma}{n}^{}{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{n}{K}_{n}({\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}},{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}}}^{\ensuremath{'}};\ensuremath{\tau})$ where the sum is taken over all classes of homotopic paths and the ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{n}$ are a one-dimensional representation of the homotopy group. This is the form of the propagator as conjectured by Schulman.
We briefly review the scattering theory for the Schrödinger operator related to the Aharonov-Bohm effect, by exhibiting some explicitly solvable models; an infinitesimally thin solenoid in mathbb{R}^{2}, two infinitesimally thin solenoids with the quantized magnetic fluxes in mathbb{R}^{2}, and an infinitesimally thin ring solenoid with the quantized magnetic flux in mathbb{R}^{3}. We give explicit formulas for the incoming wave solution and the scattering amplitude for these models in terms of some special functions, with the graphs obtained by a numerical method. We also review known high-energy asymptotic formulas related to these examples.