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Asia Communications and Photonics Conference

Core and Wavelength Allocation for Joint Optimization in Quantum Access Networks

Weiwen Kong, Yongmei Sun, Jianjun Tang, Tianqi Dou, Yaoxian Gao, Zhenhua Li, Qi Zhao, Yuheng Xie, Na Chen

Published Nov 4, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, we investigate measures to simultaneously improve the performance of classical and quantum key distribution systems in quantum access networks. First, we construct a multicore-fiber-based quantum access network architecture that supports simultaneous access to classical and quantum signals, and establish theoretical models of noise on classical and quantum channels. Secondly, a jointly optimized core wavelength allocation (JOCWA) scheme is proposed, which is applicable to multi-core fibers with any number of cores. Finally, simulation results show that the JOCWA scheme can improve the optical signal-to-noise ratio of the classical system by at least 20 dB, and can extend the secure transmission distance by about 35% compared with the benchmark scheme.

DOI
10.1109/acp/poem59049.2023.10368834

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In this paper, we investigate measures to simultaneously improve the performance of classical and quantum key distribution systems in quantum access networks. First, we construct a multicore-fiber-based quantum access network architecture that supports simultaneous access to classical and quantum signals, and establish theoretical models of noise on classical and quantum channels. Secondly, a jointly optimized core wavelength allocation (JOCWA) scheme is proposed, which is applicable to multi-core fibers with any number of cores. Finally, simulation results show that the JOCWA scheme can improve the optical signal-to-noise ratio of the classical system by at least 20 dB, and can extend the secure transmission distance by about 35% compared with the benchmark scheme.
In this paper, we propose core and wavelength allocation schemes for the simultaneous transmission of classical signals and quantum key distribution (QKD) over multi-core fiber (MCF), aiming to maximize the secure key rate, and evaluate the proposed schemes in sending-or-not-sending-QKD (SNS-QKD) and Bennett-Brassard-1984-QKD (BB84-QKD). First, we formulate the noise power on quantum channels, and propose a theoretical model of backward cascaded noise of four wave mixing and inter-core crosstalk considering modulation frequency of the classical signals. Also, the impact of noises on secure key rate is calculated in SNS-QKD and BB84-QKD. Then, we propose a core allocation algorithm in order to reduce the noise interference to quantum cores, and the quantum equal frequency spacing (qEFS) and the quantum unequal frequency spacing (qUFS) wavelength allocation schemes are proposed in the same-core (SC) and the different-core (DC) distribution. Finally, we perform numerical simulation and experimental evaluation for the proposed schemes. Compared with the conventional channel allocation (CCA) scheme in SNS-QKD, the proposed schemes can extend the secure transmission distance up to 78.8%. In BB84-QKD, the secure transmission distance can be extended up to 127.1% under SC-qUFS scheme. Experimental results show that the proposed schemes can suppress noise photons up to 57.54% compared to CCA scheme.
In this paper, we investigate the impact of classical optical communications in quantum key distribution (QKD) over hollow-core fiber (HCF), multi-core fiber (MCF) and single-core fiber (SCF) and propose wavelength allocation schemes to enhance QKD performance. Firstly, we theoretically analyze noise interference in QKD over HCF, MCF and SCF, such as spontaneous Raman scattering (SpRS) and four-wave mixing (FWM). To mitigate these noise types and optimize QKD performance, we propose a joint noise suppression wavelength allocation (JSWA) scheme. FWM noise suppression wavelength allocation and Raman noise suppression wavelength allocation are also proposed for comparison. The JSWA scheme indicates a significant enhancement in extending the simultaneous transmission distance of classical signals and QKD, reaching approximately 100 km in HCF and 165 km in MCF under a classical power per channel of 10 dBm. Therefore, MCF offers a longer secure transmission distance compared with HCF when classical signals and QKD coexist in the C-band. However, when classical signals are in the C-band and QKD operates in the O-band, the performance of QKD in HCF surpasses that in MCF. This research establishes technical foundations for the design and deployment of QKD optical networks.
We propose a quantum-classical access network architecture based on multicore fiber to scale up the number of quantum key distribution (QKD) users. Quantum signals are integrated with classical signals in both feeder and drop fibers to save deployment cost since access networks are cost-sensitive. To increase the secure key rate (SKR) of QKD, we show that wavelength-time division multiplexing is suitable for quantum signals, which are required to support a large number of quantum users. Also, we propose a core and wavelength assignment scheme to alleviate spontaneous Raman scattering and intercore cross talk noise, which are the main impairment sources to QKD in this quantum-classical network. Finally, we experimentally show the performance of QKD in the proposed quantum-classical access network in terms of noise and channel loss. The experiment results are consistent with our analysis. The characteristics of the SKRs prove the superiority of wavelength-time division multiplexing. The properties of spontaneous Raman scattering in the feeder and drop fibers are shown in the experiments through the quantum bit error rates in different experimental conditions, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed core and wavelength assignment scheme.
To ensure the security of optical networks in the future, integrating quantum key distribution (QKD) with optical networks is one of the solutions. Moreover, the optical network based on multi-core fiber (MCF) is also one of the ways to improve the transmission capacity. Therefore, we study the integration of QKD into MCF-enabled optical networks. Aiming at the resource allocation problem of MCF-enabled wavelength division multiplexing optical networks, this paper proposes a resource allocation scheme which is suitable for independent-core-transmission of classical signals and quantum signals. For core resource, we propose the alternate core allocation algorithm. For wavelength resource, we propose the iteration-based wavelength allocation algorithm. The overall scheme uses the proposed two algorithms to first allocate the core and then allocate the wavelength. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme has a great improvement in secret key rate (SKR) compared with the benchmark scheme on the regular hexagonal 7-core fiber and 19-core fiber. And the proposed scheme still has good performance under long transmission distance and high classical signal power.
With the development of quantum key distribution (QKD), integration with classical communications has become one of the future development trends. In this paper, in order to solve the problems of fiber resource waste and noise interference in twin-field QKD (TF-QKD) where servo signals exist, we design a high-security and fiber-saving classical-quantum coexistence architecture that ensures both high security and efficient utilization of fiber resources, which is designed to be seamlessly compatible with quantum signals, servo signals of TF-QKD, and bidirectional classical signals over multicore fiber (MCF). Subsequently, an in-depth analysis of noise on the quantum channels is conducted. Furthermore, a quantum-priority core and wavelength allocation (QPCWA) scheme is proposed, which effectively reduces the noise interference from servo signals and classical signals to QKD, improving the performance of QKD. Simulation results show that the QPCWA scheme can extend the secure transmission distance up to nearly 300 km compared with the benchmark scheme. Experimental results show that the QPCWA scheme can effectively reduce noise photons by 50.8%. This research establishes a technical foundation for the integrated deployment of QKD and classical communications.
We propose a quantum access network based on multicore fiber (MCF) to scale up the number of users in quantum key distribution (QKD) networks. The MCF is used as feeder fiber and single core single mode fibers (SSMFs) are used as drop fibers. Quantum signals (QSs) are integrated with classical signals (CSs) in both MCF and SSMFs to save deployment cost since access networks are cost sensitive. Due to the integration, spontaneous Raman scattering (SRS) and intercore crosstalk (ICXT) are the main impairment sources to QKD. To alleviate the noise, we propose a core and wavelength assignment scheme (CWAS) that a dedicated core of MCF is used to transmit QSs and the wavelengths of QSs are set lower than those of upstream signals. Also, we demonstrate that wavelength time division multiplexing (WTDM) is suitable for QSs which are required to support large number of quantum users, since WTDM can realize higher secure key rate (SKR) than time division multiplexing (TDM) and require lower cost than wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). Finally, the proposed quantum access network is verified experimentally. The experiment results are consistent with our analysis. The properties of SRS in the proposed architecture are shown in the experiments through the quantum bit error rates (QBERs) in different experimental case, which verifies the superiority of the proposed CWAS. Also, the characteristics of the SKRs prove that the number of receivers has a great impact on the performance of QSs using WTDM.