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Journal of Physics D Applied Physics

All-optical modulation of Fano-like resonances in apodized fiber Bragg grating using Er/Yb doped fiber

Fan Wang, Siyu Lin, Yanchen Qu, Xiaopeng Han, Yuan Wei, Zhenyu Zhao, Yundong Zhang

Published Dec 28, 2023• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract A novel all-optical scheme for fast modulation of Fano-like resonance using Er/Yb doped fiber (EYDF) is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. In the integrated system, an apodized fiber Bragg grating (AFBG) is inserted into one arm of the fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI), and the asymmetric Fano-like resonances is generated by the interference between the MZI mode and AFBG mode. In addition, a section of EYDF is inserted into the other arm of the MZI to control the phase difference between the two arms of the MZI. By adjusting the power of optical pump applied to the EYDF, the transmission spectrum lineshapes of the integrated device can be effectively modulated into asymmetric Fano-like resonances, symmetric transmission dip or electromagnetically induced transparency-like resonances, which has a fast response speed. The proposed all-optical Fano-like modulation scheme is simple in structure, and has advantages of remote control and long-term stability, providing potential applications in the fields of fast and slow light, optical filters and fiber sensing.

DOI
10.1088/1361-6463/ad194e

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Abstract A novel all-optical scheme for fast modulation of Fano-like resonance using Er/Yb doped fiber (EYDF) is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. In the integrated system, an apodized fiber Bragg grating (AFBG) is inserted into one arm of the fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI), and the asymmetric Fano-like resonances is generated by the interference between the MZI mode and AFBG mode. In addition, a section of EYDF is inserted into the other arm of the MZI to control the phase difference between the two arms of the MZI. By adjusting the power of optical pump applied to the EYDF, the transmission spectrum lineshapes of the integrated device can be effectively modulated into asymmetric Fano-like resonances, symmetric transmission dip or electromagnetically induced transparency-like resonances, which has a fast response speed. The proposed all-optical Fano-like modulation scheme is simple in structure, and has advantages of remote control and long-term stability, providing potential applications in the fields of fast and slow light, optical filters and fiber sensing.
We achieve Fano-like resonances in an all-in-fiber structure embedded with an in-line Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). A fiber Bragg grating is inserted into MZI's one arm to form a resonance, which functions as the discrete state of the Fano-like resonance to couple with the continuum propagating mode of MZI in the fiber core. A theoretical model predicts the controllable resonance lineshape by changing the phase difference between the MZI's two interference pathways. Fano-like resonances with an extinction ratio over 20 dB are experimentally observed, which are reliably tuned into Lorentzian and electromagnetically induced transparency-like resonances by versatile methods. The realization of Fano-like resonances with broad tunability in this all-in-fiber structure holds potentials in fiber-based applications of sensing, signal processing and nonlinear optics.
This study demonstrates the generation of a tunable all-fiber Fano resonance comb by incorporating a 10° tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) into an all-fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI). The TFBG generates the discrete state that couples with the continuum state of the MZI to produce all-fiber Fano resonance comb spanning an 80 nm spectral range. This system exhibits precise tunability, enabling continuous transitions among asymmetric Fano line shape, symmetric electromagnetically induced transparency, and electromagnetically induced absorption line shapes. The results also demonstrate that key spectral parameters, including the Fano parameter q , slope rate, and extinction ratio, exhibit periodic variation. The proposed approach offers a robust, low-loss, and scalable solution for multi-Fano resonance generation and holds promise for applications of high-sensitivity sensing and optical switching.
After a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is fabricated, the reflection spectrum of the FBG is generally not tunable without mechanical deformation or temperature adjustment. Here we present a microcavity-coupled FBG with both a tunable reflection lineshape and dispersion using electromagnetically induced transparency. The Fano interference of light in the FBG and the microcavity allows for dramatic modification of the reflection spectrum. The phase of the reflected spectrum is continuously tunable between 0 and 2π to produce various Fano lineshapes. The dispersion of the output light is adjustable from normal dispersion to abnormal dispersion, consequently providing an adjustable speed of light. Additionally, it allows the FBG to switch from a notch filter to a bandpass filter at the resonant wavelength, which is not possible in a conventional uniform FBG.
In this paper, we realize tunable Fano and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)-like resonances in the outputs of a nested feedback ring resonator. Compared with the traditional add-drop ring resonator, the feedback arm introduces interference between different resonance modes. Using coupled mode theory, we reveal that the output Fano resonances are the interference of discrete modes and continuum modes, whereas the EIT-like resonance only appears in the over-coupled state. We experimentally confirm the two effects using optical fiber ring resonators, finding that the Fano effect can be easily controlled with phase shifts in the feedback arm. Moreover, we achieve the double Fano resonance, which displays an ‘X’ type lineshape utilizing one ring resonator, predicting it to be a good candidate in wavelength monitor. The proposed simple configuration provides a platform to study Fano and EIT-like effect, which is useful in the optical filter, fast and slow light, optical switching, and optical sensing.
We report the group velocity control of light in optical fiber by gain-imbedded unbalanced fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer. Slow and fast light effects were observed at the frequencies near the minimum of the transmission spectrum. Controllable group velocity between 0.719 c to 0.620 c ( c is the light speed in a vacuum) was obtained via the cross-intensity modulation effect, by changing the gain index in the long arm. With the power compensation provided by the introduced Erbium doped fiber, this proposal offers a simple and operable solution to realize lossless slow and fast light propagation in optical fiber.
We proposed and experimentally demonstrated an extremely simple and feasible slow-light technique to achieve tunable optical delay by using the Er/Yb codoped fiber Bragg grating (FBG). The signal light experiences strong dispersion when it is launched into the reflection edge of FBG, and the group delay value is determined by the signal wavelength and the pump power. In the experiment, a controllable delay of 0.9 ns can be obtained through changing the 980 nm pump power. The group velocity can be slowed down to 5.6x10(7) m/s, which is 19% of the speed of light in free space. It provides a very simple approach to control the light group delay, which is likely to have important implications for practical applications.