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American Journal of Optics and Photonics

Cooling and Trapping of Fröhlich Polaron and Observation of Plasma Formation in Magnetic Field

Njutapmvoui Adamou, Clautaire Mwebi Ekengoue, Kenfack Jiotsa Aurelien, Kenfack Sadem Christian, A. J. Fotué, Lukong Cornelius Fai

Published Nov 11, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Due to their physical properties and potential importance to the understanding of the electron mobility in a wide variety of materials, polarons are currently the subject of intensive research. Using one of the world most powerfull trapping entity, we investigated the influence of surrounding environment on the dynamic of Fröhlich polaron with the help of semiclassical approach under rotating wave approximation (RWA), in the consideration that we deal with a two-level-system (TLS). Both the frequency of the trap and the bandgap value between energy levels of the system particles dictate the resulting phenomenon. Trapping of Fröhlich polarons with magnetic field conducts to complete population transfer from excited state to ground state with the possibility of the formation of Bose-Einstein Condensates (BEC) at bot low bandgap energy values and important value magnetic field frequency. Fundamentally different to polaritons, nomatter the breaking down of Pauli Exclusion Principle (BDPEP), the magnetic trapping of quasiparticles Fröhlich polarons conducts to plasma formation when both the bandgap value of energy levels and the magnetic field frequency are very important. Detailed analysis of the resulted phenomenon will open a new perspctives toward understanding the dynamic of cooled and trapped Fröhlich polarons.

DOI
10.11648/j.ajop.20231101.12

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Due to their physical properties and potential importance to the understanding of the electron mobility in a wide variety of materials, polarons are currently the subject of intensive research. Using one of the world most powerfull trapping entity, we investigated the influence of surrounding environment on the dynamic of Fröhlich polaron with the help of semiclassical approach under rotating wave approximation (RWA), in the consideration that we deal with a two-level-system (TLS). Both the frequency of the trap and the bandgap value between energy levels of the system particles dictate the resulting phenomenon. Trapping of Fröhlich polarons with magnetic field conducts to complete population transfer from excited state to ground state with the possibility of the formation of Bose-Einstein Condensates (BEC) at bot low bandgap energy values and important value magnetic field frequency. Fundamentally different to polaritons, nomatter the breaking down of Pauli Exclusion Principle (BDPEP), the magnetic trapping of quasiparticles Fröhlich polarons conducts to plasma formation when both the bandgap value of energy levels and the magnetic field frequency are very important. Detailed analysis of the resulted phenomenon will open a new perspctives toward understanding the dynamic of cooled and trapped Fröhlich polarons.
Mobile impurity atoms immersed in Bose–Einstein condensates provide a new platform for exploring Bose polarons. Recent experimental advances in the field of ultracold atoms make it possible to realize such systems with highly tunable microscopic parameters and to explore equilibrium and dynamical properties of polarons using a rich toolbox of atomic physics. In this paper we present a detailed theoretical analysis of Bose polarons in one-dimensional systems of ultracold atoms. By combining a non-perturbative renormalization group approach with numerically exact diffusion Monte Carlo calculations we obtain not only detailed numerical results over a broad range of parameters but also qualitative understanding of different regimes of the system. We find that an accurate description of Bose polarons requires the inclusion of two-phonon scattering terms which go beyond the commonly used Fröhlich model. Furthermore we show that when the Bose gas is in the strongly interacting regime, one needs to include interactions between the phonon modes. We use several theoretical approaches to calculate the polaron energy and its effective mass. The former can be measured using radio-frequency spectroscopy and the latter can be studied experimentally using impurity oscillations in a harmonic trapping potential. We compare our theoretical results for the effective mass to the experiments by Catani et al (2012 Phys. Rev. A 85 023623). In the weak-to-intermediate coupling regimes we obtain excellent quantitative agreement between theory and experiment, without any free fitting parameter. We supplement our analysis by full dynamical simulations of polaron oscillations in a shallow trapping potential. We also use our renormalization group approach to analyze the full phase diagram and identify regions that support repulsive and attractive polarons, as well as multi-particle bound states.
Mobile impurity atoms immersed in Bose–Einstein condensates provide a new platform for exploring Bose polarons. Recent experimental advances in the field of ultracold atoms make it possible to realize such systems with highly tunable microscopic parameters and to explore equilibrium and dynamical properties of polarons using a rich toolbox of atomic physics. In this paper we present a detailed theoretical analysis of Bose polarons in one-dimensional systems of ultracold atoms. By combining a non-perturbative renormalization group approach with numerically exact diffusion Monte Carlo calculations we obtain not only detailed numerical results over a broad range of parameters but also qualitative understanding of different regimes of the system. We find that an accurate description of Bose polarons requires the inclusion of two-phonon scattering terms which go beyond the commonly used Fröhlich model. Furthermore we show that when the Bose gas is in the strongly interacting regime, one needs to include interactions between the phonon modes. We use several theoretical approaches to calculate the polaron energy and its effective mass. The former can be measured using radio-frequency spectroscopy and the latter can be studied experimentally using impurity oscillations in a harmonic trapping potential. We compare our theoretical results for the effective mass to the experiments by Catani et al (2012 Phys. Rev. A 85 023623). In the weak-to-intermediate coupling regimes we obtain excellent quantitative agreement between theory and experiment, without any free fitting parameter. We supplement our analysis by full dynamical simulations of polaron oscillations in a shallow trapping potential. We also use our renormalization group approach to analyze the full phase diagram and identify regions that support repulsive and attractive polarons, as well as multi-particle bound states.
Light-matter interaction is gaining increasing interest at the frontiers of physics as it helps to understand many-body effects and explore their applications in optics and photonics. This research paper aims to investigate the effect of different polarized laser radiations in cooling and trapping process of polariton. Our strength lies in the analysis of the dynamic of polariton cooled and trapped with different types of laser-polarized modes in order to be able to formally recommend to the scientific community the best laser-polarized mode for realizing both theoretical and practical studies based on light-matter (polariton) interactions. From the complete Hamiltonian of the system, we derived the mechanical force and torque acting on the system and the transition probability of finding the system in the excited state using the semi-classical approach under rotating wave approximation (RWA). Our results demonstrate that laser cooling and trapping of polaritons is more appropriate using the plane polarized electric mode (PPEM) laser radiation than other types including the plane polarized electromagnetic mode (PEMM), the transverse polarized electric mode (TEM) and the transverse polarized magnetic mode (TMM), under low coupling strength constant and intense laser radiation. This finding is highly valuable for researchers and experts focused on optics and photonics as it provides new insights for advancing light–matter (polariton) interaction studies and potential quantum computing and teleportation applications.
The Fröhlich polaron model describes a ubiquitous class of problems concerned with understanding properties of a single mobile particle interacting with a bosonic reservoir. Originally introduced in the context of electrons interacting with phonons in crystals, this model found applications in such diverse areas as strongly correlated electron systems, quantum information, and high energy physics. In the last few years this model has been applied to describe impurity atoms immersed in Bose-Einstein condensates of ultracold atoms. The tunability of microscopic parameters in ensembles of ultracold atoms and the rich experimental toolbox of atomic physics should allow to test many theoretical predictions and give us new insights into equilibrium and dynamical properties of polarons. In these lecture notes we provide an overview of common theoretical approaches that have been used to study BEC polarons, including Rayleigh-Schrödinger and Green's function perturbation theories, self-consistent Born approximation, mean-field approach, Feynman's variational path integral approach, Monte Carlo simulations, renormalization group calculations, and Gaussian variational ansatz. We focus on the renormalization group approach and provide details of analysis that have not been presented in earlier publications. We show that this method helps to resolve striking discrepancy in polaron energies obtained using mean-field approximation and Monte Carlo simulations. We also discuss applications of this method to the calculation of the effective mass of BEC polarons. As one experimentally relevant example of a non-equililbrium problem we consider Bloch oscillations of Bose polarons and demonstrate that one should find considerable deviations from the commonly accepted phenomenological Esaki-Tsu model. We review which parameter regimes of Bose polarons can be achieved in various atomic mixtures.
This review describes the field of Bose polarons, arising when mobile impurities are immersed into a bosonic quantum gas. The latter can be realized by a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of ultracold atoms, or of exciton polaritons in a semiconductor, which has led to a series of experimental observations of Bose polarons near inter-species Feshbach resonances that we survey. Following an introduction to the topic, with references to its historic roots and a presentation of the Bose polaron Hamiltonian, we summarize state-of-the-art experiments. Next we provide a detailed discussion of polaron models, starting from the ubiquitous Fröhlich Hamiltonian that applies at weak couplings. We proceed by a survey of concurrent theoretical methods used for solving strongly interacting Bose polaron problems. The subsequent sections are devoted to the large bodies of work investigating strong coupling Bose polarons, including detailed comparisons with radio-frequency (RF) spectra obtained in ultracold atom experiments; to investigations of universal few-body and Efimov states associated with a Feshbach resonance in atomic mixtures; to studies of quantum dynamics and polarons out of equilibrium; Bose polarons in low-dimensional; induced interactions among polarons and bipolaron formation; and to Bose polarons at non-zero temperatures. We end our review by detailed discussions of closely related experimental setups and systems, including ionic impurities, systems with strong light-matter interactions, and variations and extensions of the Bose polaron concepts e.g. to baths with topological order or strong interactions relevant for correlated electrons. Finally, an outlook is presented, highlighting possible future research directions and open questions in the field as a whole.
The concept of polaron quasiparticles was first introduced in the pioneering papers by Landau and Feynman in the 1930s and 1940s. It describes the phenomenon of an external particle producing a bound state in an embedded medium. Since then, the study of polaron quasiparticles has been an active area of research in condensed matter physics, with a wide range of applications in magnetic phenomena and lattice deformation properties. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the polaron quasiparticle phenomenon, including its historical origins, theoretical developments, and current research. We also study the various applications of polaron quasiparticles in condensed matter physics, including in magnetic phenomena and lattice deformation properties. The review concludes with an outlook on future directions of research in this field. In particular, we study the motion of external embedded particles in a quasi-two-dimensional Bose–Einstein condensate confined by the quantum harmonic oscillator. We found that the dynamics of attracting particles with static Bose–Einstein condensate exhibit circular and precessional elliptic trajectories due to centripetal force. Polaron-forming embedded particles in the condensate lead to a strongly nonlinear trajectory of the polaron and dynamics of condensate depending on the initial parameters of the condensate and polaron.