An analysis of applying the property of speed instantaneity to electronic transitions (i.e., transitions of the atomic electron that are not instantaneous), instead of quantum jumps (i.e., instantaneous transitions), during a complete oscillation for the process of Bohr’s model of the atom absorbing and emitting electromagnetic radiation (i.e., photon) reveals a discontinuity that is conserved as an emitted electromagnetic radiation (i.e., photon) discontinuity. The frequency of the oscillations of the atomic electron (i.e., electric charge) and induced magnetic field for the transitions of the atomic electron (i.e., electric charge) during the complete oscillation for the absorption and emission process (of Bohr’s atomic model) is conserved as the frequency of the oscillating electric and magnetic fields of the emitted electromagnetic radiation (i.e., photon). The conserved frequency and discontinuity (based on speed instantaneity and electronic transitions that are not instantaneous) of the atomic absorption and emission process (of Bohr’s atomic model) lead to predicting the need for Planck’s constant (i.e., quantum of action) without the use of probability. Planck claimed the interpretation of reality must change if his method of deriving the radiation law stood on a physical concept. Einstein, whom Planck credited as the first to make an advancement in the quantum field, unknowingly introduced a quantized two-dimensional discontinuum geometry that is one of the foundations on which a table of five realities used in physics was developed for making predictions. Using the table of realities, locality is redefined, and entanglement is demystified.
An analysis of applying the property of speed instantaneity to electronic transitions (i.e., transitions of the atomic electron that are not instantaneous), instead of quantum jumps (i.e., instantaneous transitions), during a complete oscillation for the process of Bohr’s model of the atom absorbing and emitting electromagnetic radiation (i.e., photon) reveals a discontinuity that is conserved as an emitted electromagnetic radiation (i.e., photon) discontinuity. The frequency of the oscillations of the atomic electron (i.e., electric charge) and induced magnetic field for the transitions of the atomic electron (i.e., electric charge) during the complete oscillation for the absorption and emission process (of Bohr’s atomic model) is conserved as the frequency of the oscillating electric and magnetic fields of the emitted electromagnetic radiation (i.e., photon). The conserved frequency and discontinuity (based on speed instantaneity and electronic transitions that are not instantaneous) of the atomic absorption and emission process (of Bohr’s atomic model) lead to predicting the need for Planck’s constant (i.e., quantum of action) without the use of probability. Planck claimed the interpretation of reality must change if his method of deriving the radiation law stood on a physical concept. Einstein, whom Planck credited as the first to make an advancement in the quantum field, unknowingly introduced a quantized two-dimensional discontinuum geometry that is one of the foundations on which a table of five realities used in physics was developed for making predictions. Using the table of realities, locality is redefined, and entanglement is demystified.
The atomic absorption and emission process that uses noninstantaneous electronic transitions of the atomic electron (i.e., electric charge), the tangent reference system, the property of speed instantaneity, and the conservation laws leads to a violation of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, and it is maintained in the atomic absorption and emission process discontinuity that is conserved as the emitted photon's (i.e., electromagnetic radiation's) discontinuity. This leads to a falsification of Bohr's complementary principle that aligns with Einstein's 1909 falsification of it. The violation of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle and falsification of Bohr's complementarity principle falsify the Copenhagen interpretation, because it requires Heisenberg's uncertainty principle not to be violated and Bohr's complementarity principle not to be falsified.
Introduction The preceding chapters have focused on atomic transitions induced by applied radiation. That is, there is an optical field illuminating the atoms, and their response is calculated. It is implicitly assumed that an excited atom left alone will spontaneously return to the ground state, and conserve energy by emitting light that satisfies E 2 − E 1 = ħ ω 21 in accordance with the Planck and Bohr pictures. But this spontaneous emission process is not addressed quantitatively in these earlier chapters. Spontaneous emission is one of the most pervasive phenomena of atomic physics, and yet its origins remain among the least well-understood. The number of misconceptions is enormous, and they are to be found in textbooks, journal articles, and lecture notes. Because the natural decay of an excited atom adds energy to what is usually an empty mode of the electromagnetic field, the process is fundamentally quantum mechanical. Classical or even semi-classical descriptions cannot be assured to give correct answers. This is not to say that such discussion is to be avoided, but only that caution is needed in interpreting the results. Toward the end of the nineteenth century, many experimental results made it clear that classical mechanics needed to be supplemented by new theories. The first venture into the new physics was Planck's hypothesis that the energy of classical radiating oscillators like those discussed in Chap. 1 would have to be quantized into integer multiples of ħ ω. This notion led to his famous formula for the spectrum of thermal radiation from a non-reflective object (black body), and this formula describes a radiation field in thermodynamic equilibrium with its environment. The result of Planck's hypothesis in the context of thermal equilibrium plays a vital role in the discussion of spontaneous emission. Einstein A - and B -coefficients Soon after Bohr proposed a model of atomic structure consisting of discrete energy levels, connected by radiation whose energy satisfied Δ E = ħω when atoms made transition between them, Einstein published the first serious attempt to connect the absorption and emission processes. Absorption, he reasoned, could occur only in the presence of applied radiation, whereas spontaneous decay occurred without the application of any field.
In a previous paper, it was explained that the absorption and emission process (AE-process) of Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom must involve an electric charge (i.e., electron) transiting between atomic energy levels instead of quantum jumping; otherwise, there is no way to use the AE-process to predict the fine structure constant. In this paper, it is shown that (1) a complete oscillation of the atomic electron (i.e., an electric charge) and of the induced magnetic field must occur for Bohr’s hydrogen atom to emit electromagnetic radiation, and (2) an atomic electron (i.e., electric charge) of Bohr’s hydrogen atom can transit between energy levels without the atom emitting electromagnetic radiation.
An attempt is made to present a consistent detailed theory of optical phenomena, based on the suggestion recently made by the author in collaboration with Bohr and Kramers. This suggestion is that atoms are radiating or absorbing continuously, during their stationary states, and that transitions influence radiation only in terminating the radiation characteristic of the old state, and substituting that of the new. The atoms, on the other hand, are supposed not to change their energy while radiating, but to change it discontinuously on transition. This necessitates giving up the detailed application of the conservation of energy in interaction between atoms and radiation. In the present paper, an additional suggestion is made, namely that resonance radiation is to be identified with the radiation carried out by the spherical wavelets which, by their interference with the external field, also produce absorption. This is practically a return to the classical picture of resonance radiation. Statement of the theory consists formally of two parts: the description of the behavior of atoms, and of radiation, when the two interact. The first involves the statement of the probabilities of transition of atoms, and is taken without change from Einstein. The probability of interruption of coherent vibrations is also discussed. The second requires the specification of the fields emitted by atoms in any steady state under the influence of any external field. These consist of spherical wavelets of the frequencies of the various quantum lines which the atom can emit or absorb in the stationary state in which it is. For emission frequencies, wavelets are emitted even in the absence of an external field; for absorption frequencies, external fields induce wavelets, similar to the wavelets of linearly bound electrons in electron theory, which on the one hand interfere with the external field to produce the phenomena of dispersion, etc., and on the other carry out the resonance radiation in all directions. Detailed descriptions of these fields are given. In a discussion of the theory, it is first shown that the assumptions which have been made about the field satisfy the correspondence principle, in that for large quantum numbers the field aproaches that which would be emitted classically on account of the interaction of an external field and a multiply periodic atom. On the other hand, it is shown that the field has a character essentially like that of classical electron theory, which is known to be in general agreement with experiments. Next, the energy and momentum relations at interaction of atoms and light are investigated, and it is shown that, although these quantities are not precisely conserved, still the assumptions as to atomic and radiation processes have been so made that they are conserved on an average over a great number of atomic processes. Finally the spectral resolution of emitted and absorbed radiation is considered; the theory gives a minimum breadth for the lines, depending on the finite length of wave trains resulting from the finite life in stationary states, and it is shown that Kirchhoff's law is obeyed, the emission and absorption lines being of the same breadth. By way of illustration, specific application of the theory is made to the simple examples of emission of light by bombardment of electrons at the resonance potential, resonance radiation, its quenching by presence of foreign gases, absorption, scattering, and disperison.
The origin of the relativity theories was closely bound up with the development of electromagnetic concepts, a development that approached a coherent fieldtheoretical formulation, according to which all actions may vary in a continuous manner. In contrast, quantum theory arose out of the development of atomic concepts, a development that was characterized by the acknowledgment of a fundamental limitation to classical physical ideas when applied to atomic phenomena. This restriction was expressed in the so-called quantum postulate, which attributed to any atomic process an essential discontinuity that was symbolized by Planck's quantum of action. Quantum field theory (QFT) is a later phase of the conceptual developments of quantum theory, and has the old quantum theory and non-relativistic quantum mechanics, essentially the preliminary analyses of the interactions between atoms and radiation, as its predecessors. This chapter will review some features of quantum physics that are relevant to the rise of QFT. The quantization of motion In solving the problem of the equilibrium between matter and radiation, Max Planck (1900) showed that the laws of heat radiation demanded an element of discontinuity in the description of atomic processes. In the statistical behavior of atoms represented, in Planck's description, by linear resonators in their interactions with radiation, only states of vibration should be taken into account whose energy was an integral multiple of a quantum, hv , where h is Planck's constant and v is the frequency of the resonator. Planck himself believed that the discontinuity of energy was only a property of atoms, and was not ready to apply the idea of energy quantization to radiation itself.
This paper re-examines the mechanism of electron motion inside atoms and the causes of photon radiation and photon absorption, abandoning the inherent cognition of fixed electron orbits and quantum transitions in traditional atomic physics. It clarifies that electrons have no physical fixed orbits; orbits are only imaginary concepts constructed for convenience of description, not objective physical realities. With mass, electrons possess inertia and kinetic energy. Under the three-force equilibrium of Coulomb force, electromagnetic force and inertial effect, electrons naturally move in elliptical trajectories rather than regular circles. When an electron moves along an elliptical trajectory, it naturally passes through low-energy regions near the atomic nucleus and high-energy regions far from the nucleus. This change in position arises entirely from its own inertia, involving only the conversion between kinetic energy and potential energy. The electron neither gains nor loses total energy, so it emits no photons and undergoes no energy-level change. An electron loses total energy when emitting a photon outward, and transitions smoothly and continuously to a lower overall motion range under mechanical equilibrium and inertia. Meanwhile, an electron can also absorb external photons and gain energy; its total energy increases, and it similarly expands smoothly to a higher motion range. Photon energy is indivisible and can only be emitted or absorbed as a complete unit. This is the fundamental reason why atoms show discrete emission and absorption spectra. Electron motion is entirely smooth and continuous; instantaneous quantum transitions assumed in traditional physics do not exist. Based on classical mechanics and energy conservation, this paper unifies the laws of macroscopic celestial bodies and microscopic particles, and reconstructs an atomic motion model closer to the essential nature of physics.