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Frontiers in Optics

Inverse-Design of High-Dimensional Quantum Optical Circuits in a Complex Medium

Suraj Goel, Saroch Leedumrongwatthanakun, Natalia Herrera Valencia, Will McCutcheon, Armin Tavakoli, Claudio Conti, Pepijn W. H. Pinkse, Mehul Malik

Published Jan 1, 2023• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We program high-dimensional linear optical circuits within a commercial multi-mode fibre, turning it into a generalised multi-outcome measurement device, which allows us to both transport and certify high-dimensional entanglement within the transmission channel itself.
DOI
10.1364/fio.2023.fm6b.7

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Abstract Programmable optical circuits are an important tool in developing quantum technologies such as transceivers for quantum communication and integrated photonic chips for quantum information processing. Maintaining precise control over every individual component becomes challenging at large scales, leading to a reduction in the quality of operations performed. In parallel, minor imperfections in circuit fabrication are amplified in this regime, dramatically inhibiting their performance. Here we use inverse design techniques to embed optical circuits in the higher-dimensional space of a large, ambient mode mixer such as a commercial multimode fibre. This approach allows us to forgo control over each individual circuit element, and retain a high degree of programmability. We use our circuits as quantum gates to manipulate high-dimensional spatial-mode entanglement in up to seven dimensions. Their programmability allows us to turn a multimode fibre into a generalized multioutcome measurement device, allowing us to both transport and certify entanglement within the transmission channel. With the support of numerical simulations, we show that our method is a scalable approach to obtaining high circuit fidelity with a low circuit depth by harnessing the resource of a high-dimensional mode mixer.
Programmable optical circuits form a key part of quantum technologies today. As the size of such circuits is increased, maintaining precise control over every individual component becomes challenging. Here we show how embedding an optical circuit in the higher-dimensional space of a large mode-mixer allows us to forgo control over individual elements, while retaining a high degree of programmability over the circuit. Using this approach, we implement high-dimensional linear optical circuits within a commercial multi-mode fibre placed between controllable phase planes. We employ these circuits to manipulate high-dimensional entanglement in up to seven dimensions, demonstrating their application as fully programmable quantum gates. Furthermore, we show how these circuits turn the multi-mode fibre itself into a generalized multi-outcome measurement device, allowing us to both transport and certify entanglement. Finally, we show how a high circuit fidelity can be achieved with a low circuit depth by harnessing the resource of a high-dimensional mode-mixer. Our work serves as an alternative yet powerful approach for realizing precise control over high-dimensional quantum states of light.