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Physical Review A

Characterizing the impact of the magnetic field in the frequency domain for a multiwave atom interferometer

Xudong Ren, Wenhua Yan, Yukun Yang, Xiao-Bing Deng, Wenjie Xu, Zhong-Kun Hu, Min-Kang Zhou

Published Dec 11, 2023• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We implement a magnetic-field-sensitive multiwave atom Ramsey interferometer based on radio-frequency (RF) field-coupled Zeeman states, and we theoretically derive and experimentally measure its frequency-domain transfer function with low-pass filtering characteristics. In addition, we investigate a potential application scheme of the transfer functions for interference fringe recovery. As the measurements involve the ac magnetic field, a Raman spectrum-based solution is implemented to calibrate the actual ac magnetic field amplitude at the position of the atom inside the vacuum chamber. The methods demonstrated in this work will help to improve the performance of the atom interferometer and are also useful in Ramsey interference-based systems and spinor Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) experiments.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.108.063309

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We implement a magnetic-field-sensitive multiwave atom Ramsey interferometer based on radio-frequency (RF) field-coupled Zeeman states, and we theoretically derive and experimentally measure its frequency-domain transfer function with low-pass filtering characteristics. In addition, we investigate a potential application scheme of the transfer functions for interference fringe recovery. As the measurements involve the ac magnetic field, a Raman spectrum-based solution is implemented to calibrate the actual ac magnetic field amplitude at the position of the atom inside the vacuum chamber. The methods demonstrated in this work will help to improve the performance of the atom interferometer and are also useful in Ramsey interference-based systems and spinor Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) experiments.
Precision magnetic field measurement is widely used for practical applications, fundamental research, and medical purposes, etc. We propose a novel quantum magnetometer based on atoms' multi-wave (3-wave and 5-wave) Ramsey interference. Our design features high phase sensitivity and can be applied to in situ measurements of the magnetic field inside vacuum chambers. The final state detection is designed to be achieved by Raman's two-photon transition. The analytical solution for applicable interference fringe is presented. Fringe contrast decay due to atom temperature and magnetic field gradient is simulated to estimate reasonable experimental conditions. Sensitivity functions for phase noise and magnetic field noise in a multi-wave system are derived to estimate the noise level required to reach the expected resolution. The validity of the model, dual-channel features on bias estimation, and the quasi-non-destructive detection feature are discussed.
Atoms in magnetically sensitive sublevels constitute a natural sensor for absolute magnetic field measurements, which are explored here to form an optical Ramsey interferometer for determining the magnetic field distribution. An optical Ramsey atom interferometer provides a convenient way to map a magnetic field in vacuum. In comparison with the often used Raman spectroscopy method, a Ramsey interferometer can not only improve the sensitivity, but also dramatically suppress the contribution of the ac Stark effect. Furthermore, in this work, the magnetically sensitive atoms are velocity-selected, which improves the spatial resolution for the magnetometer as well as the contrast of the Ramsey fringes. A short-term sensitivity of 1.4nT/Hz1/21.4\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{nT/Hz}}^{1/2}1.4nT/Hz1/2 for magnetic field measurement is finally achieved even with an interrogation time as short as $500\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{s}$. The presented approach for absolute magnetic field measurement is expected to find wide applications in atom-interferometry-based precision measurements.
Magnetic field sensing utilizing Bose-condensed atomic gases can achieve both high sensitivity and spatial resolution. Employing two-photon transitions from F=1, mF=1→F=2, mF=-1 (F is the quantum number of total atomic angular momentum, mF is the magnetic quantum number of F level) of Bose-condensed 87Rb atomic gases in one-dimensional optical lattice, the precision magnetic field measurement with phase Ramsey interference has been demonstrated. Utilizing single-photon transitions from F=1, mF=1→F=2, mF=0 of Bose-condensed 87Rb atomic gases in a crossed optical dipole trap, we experimentally study frequency domain Ramsey interference, time domain Ramsey interference, and phase domain Ramsey interference. Based on phase Ramsey interference, the sensitivity and spatial resolution of static magnetic field measurement are evaluated. The comparison of these three typical Ramsey interferences reveals that phase Ramsey interference can effectively avoid the fringe distortion in frequency-domain interference and the decoherence effects in time-domain interference, thereby improving the sensitivity and accuracy of the static magnetic field measurement. Utilizing Bose-condensed 87Rb atomic gases with the volume of 1.31±0.03×10-9 cm3 in an unshielded environment, a sensitivity of 130 nT/Hz for static magnetic fields can be achieved. By reducing the preparation time of the atomic gases and increasing the signal interrogation time, the sensitivity has the potential to be further improved.
We report an experimental study of magnetic-field-sensitive multi-wave interference, realized in a three-wave RF-atom system. In the F = 1 hyperfine level of the 87Rb 52S1/2 ground state, Ramsey fringes were observed via the spin-selective Raman detection. A decrease in the fringe contrast was observed with increasing free evolution time. The maximum evolution time for observable fringe contrasts was investigated at different atom temperatures, under free-falling and trapped conditions. As the main interest of the Ramsey method, the improvement in magnetic field resolution is observed with an increase of evolution time T up to 3 ms and with the measurement resolution reaching 0.85 nT. This study paves the way for precision magnetic field measurements based on cold atoms.
We perform atom interferometry using the Zeeman sublevels of a spin-2 Bose-Einstein condensate of 87^{87}87Rb. The observed fringes are strongly peaked, and fringe repetition rates higher than the fundamental Ramsey frequency are found in agreement with a simple theory based on spin rotations. With a suitable choice of initial states, the interferometer could function as a useful tool for magnetometry and studies of spinor dynamics in general.
Atom-based mixers have been shown to be very useful in performing the absolute measurement of the magnitude of a radio-frequency (rf) field by using Autler-Townes (AT) splitting. However, there has been less success in measuring the phase of a rf field with the AT splitting in a magnetic-resonance system. The phase of the rf magnetic field plays a very important role in imaging applications. Here, we design an atomic mixer for measuring the phase of the rf field by detecting the transmission spectra of a laser-detected magnetic-resonance system based on the interference between Raman and cascade two-photon processes for Fg=4{F}_{g}=4Fg​=4 of the D1{D}_{1}D1​ line of cesium atoms. A scheme of measuring the rf phase can be realized with the elimination of the ac Zeeman shift of the system by adjusting the amplitude ratio of a transverse fundamental-wave field and its third-harmonic field. Theoretical and experimental results show that the scheme with cancellation of the ac Zeeman shift is superior in linear measurement of the longitudinal rf component. Our results provide schemes for a magnetic sensor based on quantum interference of nonlinear processes for the absolute measurement of the relative phase of rf fields.