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Quantum Information Processing

Strong generalization in quantum neural networks

Jinzhe Jiang, Yaqian Zhao, Rengang Li, Chen Li, Zhenhua Guo, Baoyu Fan, Xuelei Li, Ruyang Li, Xin Zhang

Published Dec 5, 2023• 8 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/s11128-023-04095-x

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Quantum Neural Networks (QNN) is a burgeoning new field built upon the combination of classical neural networks and quantum computations, which has many problems needed to solve. The predictive model of QNN is an issue that must be settled to develop QNN based on proportional integral derivative neural networks and quantum computation, which can be so called generalized quantum neural networks (GQNN). Firstly, we describe the theory of quantum computation and neural networks. Secondly, it can realize the algorithm of prediction to construct the modeling of generalized quantum neural networks for those complexity nonlinear systems. Finally, using an example explains the model of generalized quantum neural networks. The computational results shows that GQNN is more effective than conventional neural networks.
One hypothesis for the success of deep neural networks (DNNs) is that they are highly expressive, which enables them to be applied to many problems, and they have a strong inductive bias towards solutions that are simple, known as simplicity bias, which allows them to generalise well on unseen data because most real-world data is structured (i.e. simple). In this work, we explore the inductive bias and expressivity of quantum neural networks (QNNs), which gives us a way to compare their performance to those of DNNs. Our results show that it is possible to have simplicity bias with certain QNNs, but we prove that this type of QNN limits the expressivity of the QNN. We also show that it is possible to have QNNs with high expressivity, but they either have no inductive bias or a poor inductive bias and result in a worse generalisation performance compared to DNNs. We demonstrate that an artificial (restricted) inductive bias can be produced by intentionally restricting the expressivity of a QNN. Our results suggest a bias-expressivity tradeoff. Our conclusion is that the QNNs we studied can not generally offer an advantage over DNNs, because these QNNs either have a poor inductive bias or poor expressivity compared to DNNs.
Since the introduction of the quantum neural network model, it has been widely studied due to its strong expressive power and robustness to overfitting. To date, the model has been evaluated primarily in classification tasks, but its performance in practical multivariate regression problems has not been thoroughly examined. In this study, the Auto-MPG data set (392 valid data points, excluding missing data, on fuel efficiency for various vehicles) was used to construct QNN models and investigate the effect of the size of the training data on generalization performance. The results indicate that QNN is particularly effective when the size of training data is small, suggesting that it is especially suitable for small-data problems such as those encountered in Materials Informatics.