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Journal of Applied Physics

Direct creation of interacting quasi-one-dimensional Bose–Einstein condensate through fast evaporative cooling

Huiying Du, Yuqing Li, Yunfei Wang, Jizhou Wu, Wenliang Liu, Peng Li, Yongming Fu, Jie Ma, Liantuan Xiao, Suotang Jia

Published Dec 4, 2023• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Preparation of atomic Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) with tunable interactions in a quasi-one-dimensional (quasi-1D) optical trap is essential for both the observation of bright matter-wave solitons and the quantum simulation based on the discrete atomic momentum states. However, the quasi-1D BEC has been obtained by a complex process, which includes the creation of a three-dimensional BEC and its adiabatic transform into a quasi-1D trap. Here, we report the direct creation of a quasi-1D BEC of 133Cs atoms by the fast evaporative cooling of ultracold atoms prepared by the degenerated Raman sideband cooling. We produce the pure BEC of up to 5.5×104 atoms in a quasi-1D optical trap with an evaporative time of 6 s. We demonstrate the anisotropic expansion of the atomic cloud after the release from the quasi-1D trap and study the dependence of both the phase space density and the temperature on the number of atoms in the trap during the evaporative cooling. Our study facilitates the promising applications of quasi-1D interacting atomic gases.

DOI
10.1063/5.0165199

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Preparation of atomic Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) with tunable interactions in a quasi-one-dimensional (quasi-1D) optical trap is essential for both the observation of bright matter-wave solitons and the quantum simulation based on the discrete atomic momentum states. However, the quasi-1D BEC has been obtained by a complex process, which includes the creation of a three-dimensional BEC and its adiabatic transform into a quasi-1D trap. Here, we report the direct creation of a quasi-1D BEC of 133Cs atoms by the fast evaporative cooling of ultracold atoms prepared by the degenerated Raman sideband cooling. We produce the pure BEC of up to 5.5×104 atoms in a quasi-1D optical trap with an evaporative time of 6 s. We demonstrate the anisotropic expansion of the atomic cloud after the release from the quasi-1D trap and study the dependence of both the phase space density and the temperature on the number of atoms in the trap during the evaporative cooling. Our study facilitates the promising applications of quasi-1D interacting atomic gases.
The Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of 133Cs atoms offers an appealing platform for studying the many-body physics of interacting Bose quantum gases, owing to the rich Feshbach resonances that can be readily achieved in the low magnetic field region. However, it is notoriously difficult to cool 133Cs atoms to their quantum degeneracy. Here we report a hybrid evaporative cooling of 133Cs atoms to BEC. Our approach relies on a combination of the magnetically tunable evaporation with the optical evaporation of atoms in a magnetically levitated optical dipole trap overlapping with a dimple trap. The magnetic field gradient is reduced for the magnetically tunable evaporation. The subsequent optical evaporation is performed by lowering the depth of the dimple trap. We study the dependence of the peak phase space density (PSD) and temperature on the number of atoms during the evaporation process, as well as how the PSD and atom number vary with the trap depth. The results are in excellent agreement with the equation model for evaporative cooling.
This thesis presents the development of an experimental apparatus to produce Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) with tunable interparticle interactions. The ability to precisely control the strength of these interactions, and even to switch them from repulsive to attractive, allows one to probe novel regimes of condensate physics, from the collapse of attractively interacting BECs and the formation of solitary matter-waves to the observation of beyond mean-field effects in strongly repulsive condensates. The construction and characterisation of both a single and crossed beam optical dipole trap is presented. In the single beam case we develop a technique allowing the guided transport of atoms along the beam and up to a room-temperature surface; a technique which can be used to evaporatively cool the trapped atomic cloud. We produce Bose-Einstein condensates of 87Rb in the F=1, mF=-1 state in this trap, comparing the effect of beam waist on the evaporation trajectory. In the crossed beam trap Bose-Einstein condensation of 87Rb is realised in three distinct trapping configurations, along with a 1D optical lattice formed by changing the polarisation of the beams. A method of direct cooling of 85Rb atoms in the crossed trap is developed using a magnetic Feshbach resonance to precisely tune both the elastic and inelastic scattering properties of the atoms. The resonance used for this work occurs at 155G in collisions between atoms in the F=2, mF=-2 state of 85Rb. Bose-Einstein condensates of up to 40,000 85Rb atoms are formed in this trap and we demonstrate the presence of tunable interatomic interactions, exploring the collapse phenomenon associated with attractive condensates. By loading the 85Rb condensate into a quasi-1D waveguide we show that stable attractive condensates can be created, taking the form of bright solitary matter-waves. We observe a solitary wave of ~2,000 atoms which propagates, without dispersion, along the waveguide over a distance of ~1.1mm. The particle-like nature of the solitary wave is demonstrated by classical reflection of the wavepacket from a repulsive Gaussian barrier.
We report the realization of a Bose-Einstein condensate of 39{}^{39}39K atoms without the aid of an additional atomic coolant. Our route to Bose-Einstein condensation comprises sub-Doppler laser cooling of large atomic clouds with more than 1010{10}^{10}1010 atoms and evaporative cooling in an optical dipole trap where the collisional cross section can be increased using magnetic Feshbach resonances. Large condensates with almost 106{10}^{6}106 atoms can be produced in less than 15 s. Our achievements eliminate the need for sympathetic cooling with Rb atoms, which was the usual route implemented until now due to the unfavorable collisional property of 39{}^{39}39K. Our findings simplify the experimental setup for producing Bose-Einstein condensates of 39{}^{39}39K atoms with tunable interactions, which have a wide variety of promising applications, including atom interferometry to studies on the interplay of disorder and interactions in quantum gases.
We report on the realization of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of 168Er atoms in a crossed optical dipole trap. A magneto-optical trap is realized with just one laser driving the narrow-line transition which increases the phase space density and facilitates the evaporative cooling. A pure BEC with 3 × 104 atoms is achieved by forced evaporative cooling. The complex Feshbach resonance and anisotropic expansion of 168Er are investigated by the loss spectroscopy and controlling the rotating dipoles.
We report the all-optical production of Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) of 39K^{39}\mathrm{K}39K atoms. We directly load $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{7}$ atoms in a large volume optical dipole trap from gray molasses on the D1 transition. We then apply a small magnetic quadrupole field to polarize the sample before transferring the atoms in a tightly confining optical trap. Evaporative cooling is finally performed close to a Feshbach resonance to enhance the scattering length. Our setup allows one to cross the BEC threshold with $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}$ atoms every 7 s. As an illustration of the interest of the tunability of the interactions we study the expansion of Bose-Einstein condensates in the one-dimensional to three-dimensional crossover.
We report on a general method for the rapid production of quantum degenerate gases. Using 174Yb^{174}\mathrm{Yb}174Yb, we achieve an experimental cycle time as low as 1.6--1.8 s for the production of Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) of $(0.5--1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}$ atoms. While laser cooling to $30\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}$ proceeds in a standard way, evaporative cooling is highly optimized by performing it in an optical trap that is dynamically shaped by utilizing the time-averaged potential of a single laser beam moving rapidly in one dimension. We also produce large (>106)(>{10}^{6})(>106) atom number BECs and successfully model the evaporation dynamics over more than three orders of magnitude in phase space density. Our method provides a simple and general approach to solving the problem of long production times of quantum degenerate gases.