The current consensus on the atomic structure was formulated about a hundred years ago. In the enlightenment of the newly developed instrumentations and theories the electronic structure of the atoms is reconsidered. It has been concluded that in order to comply with experiments the electron must go through phase transformation from point to surface charge when captured by the nucleus. The surface charge electron shell model of the atoms is consistent with all the known features of the atoms and offers a physical explanation for Schrodinger`s wave equation.
The current consensus on the atomic structure was formulated about a hundred years ago. In the enlightenment of the newly developed instrumentations and theories the electronic structure of the atoms is reconsidered. It has been concluded that in order to comply with experiments the electron must go through phase transformation from point to surface charge when captured by the nucleus. The surface charge electron shell model of the atoms is consistent with all the known features of the atoms and offers a physical explanation for Schrodinger`s wave equation.
Based on the uniformity and the stability of the atoms it is concluded that the point charge nature of the electron in the vicinity of the nucleus is unsustainable.It is shown that uniform spherical surface charge "electron" around the nucleus can explain not only the observed uniformity and stability of the atoms but also successfully describes the electromagnetic radiation of the atom, gives physical explanation for the quantized nature of the angular momentum, and explains the wave particle duality of matter.Additionally, the model gives the correct zero angular momentum at the ground state and the right ionization energy, which features were not explained by previous models.The presented physical explanations for the atomic scale observations of matter does not violate the laws of classical physics indicating that these laws should remain valid at atomic scale.Résumé: Selon la base de l'uniformité et la stabilité des atomes, on peut conclure que le modèle de charge ponctuelle de l'électron dans le voisinage du noyau est insoutenable.Il est montré que le modéle de charge de surface sphérique uniforme autour du noyau peut expliquer non seulement l'uniformité et la stabilité observées des atomes, mais aussi il décrit avec succès le radiation électromagnétique de l'atome.Il donne également l'explication physique de la nature quantifiée du moment angulaire, et explique la dualité onde-particule de la matière.Le modèle offre des explications pour les observations à l'échelle atomique de la matière, sans violer les lois de la physique classique, indiquant que ces lois devraient rester valables à l'échelle atomique.
This paper explains why electrons arrange themselves in discrete shells around the nucleus, using the MID/QC framework to replace the traditional orbital and probability‑cloud interpretations with a geometric, coherence‑based model. Electron shells emerge as stable standing‑wave surfaces shaped by the proton’s coherence well, with shell capacities determined by the number of phase‑compatible modes the substrate can support at each radius. This geometric interpretation unifies atomic structure, shell capacities, and charge balance under a single, intuitive framework.
The description of the physical and chemical properties of matter is a central issue that has occupied the minds of scientists since the age of the ancient Greeks. In their route to dissect matter down to what cannot be divided any further, they coined the term atom , the indivisible . Matter became then a collection of atoms. More than twenty centuries had to pass until the development of a more precise concept of atom, thanks, amongst others, to the systematic studies of Mendeleyev and the establishment in 1869 of the periodic table of the elements (Mendeleyev, 1869). The discovery of the electron in 1897 and the first modern model of the atomic structure by Sir Joseph Thomson were soon refined by his student, Sir Ernest Rutherford, who in 1910 showed that an atom was made of a positively charged small nucleus and a number of negatively charged electrons that neutralize the nuclear charge. Much in the spirit of planetary systems, and drawing from the analogy between gravitational and electrostatic interactions, scientists in the beginning of the twentieth century built an image of the atom that consisted of a number Z of electrons – of elementary charge – e – orbiting around the nucleus of charge Ze . A number of experimental observations, though, were incompatible with this idea of orbiting electrons. In particular, according to the successful electromagnetic theory, charged electrons in orbital (radially accelerated) motion should radiate energy, thus decelerating and eventually collapsing onto the nucleus. Clearly, such a picture would imply that matter is essentially unstable, in flagrant contradiction with our everyday experience of the very existence of matter.
Abstract The new quantum mechanics, when applied to the problem of the structure of the atom with point-charge electrons, does not give results in agreement with experiment. The discrepancies consist of “duplexity ” phenomena, the observed number of stationary states for an electron in an atom being twice the number given by the theory. To meet the difficulty, Goudsmit and Uhlenbeck have introduced the idea of an electron with a spin angular momentum of half a quantum and a magnetic moment of one Bohr magneton. This model for the electron has been fitted into the new mechanics by Pauli,* and Darwin,† working with an equivalent theory, has shown that it gives results in agreement with experiment for hydrogen-like spectra to the first order of accuracy. The question remains as to why Nature should have chosen this particular model for the electron instead of being satisfied with the point-charge. One would like to find some incompleteness in the previous methods of applying quantum mechanics to the point-charge electron such that, when removed, the whole of the duplexity phenomena follow without arbitrary assumptions. In the present paper it is shown that this is the case, the incompleteness of the previous theories lying in their disagreement with relativity, or, alternatetively, with the general transformation theory of quantum mechanics. It appears that the simplest Hamiltonian for a point-charge electron satisfying the requirements of both relativity and the general transformation theory leads to an explanation of all duplexity phenomena without further assumption. All the same there is a great deal of truth in the spinning electron model, at least as a first approximation. The most important failure of the model seems to be that the magnitude of the resultant orbital angular momentum of an electron moving in an orbit in a central field of force is not a constant, as the model leads one to expect.
The Schrodinger equation is a quantum physics partial differential equation used to determine the wave function and energy of atomic and molecular systems. It is a non-relativistic phenomenological equation that is solved to acquire insight into the qualities of a physical system. Calculation of an infinite set of linked integrodifferential equations is required in the general situation [3 ]. He found the electron in 1897, and that led to a model of an atom that had protons and electrons that had different charges. An experiment done by Ernest Rutherford and others in 1911 found that the positive charge in an atom was concentrated in space much smaller than the size of the atom itself. This is what they found. This led to a picture of the atom as a small solar system with a big, positively charged nucleus and a group of electrons that move around it all the time[4].
The basis for the hydrogen atom planetary model, which represents the development of the Rutherford-Bohr atom model, is presented. The measurements of the atom polarizability, radius, electric and magnetic moments, as well as the Stark and Zeeman effects are given as an argument. The central paragraph of the Article is a comparison of the binding energy obtained based on wave measurement data (the Rydberg constant) and the binding energy obtained by calculation according to the data of the electron charge and mass fundamental constants and applying the principle of momentum conservation. The substantiation of the atom stability is given proceeding from the atom planetary model. The nature and mechanism of the optical spectrum formation is discussed. The substantiation of the fine structure of the hydrogen atom spectral lines is presented, proceeding from the fundamental association between the electric field strength of the electron charge and the speed of its velocity. The origin of the optical spectrum hyperfine structure is discussed within the planetary model. The difficulty in constructing an acceptable theory of the electronic structure of atoms is primarily due to the complexity of obtaining direct information on the atoms internal structure. The point is that the outermost electron shell of an atom behaves itself like an effective screen for external probing electrical fields. This circumstance sharply limits the possibilities of experimental methods for studying the intra-atomic structure. On the other hand, it is imperative that the research methods being employed be non-destructive ones in order to obtain reliable information concerning the structure of atoms. This means that the action on the atom during measurement process must meet the condition of the electron shell perturbation smallness of the atom or ion being investigated. Concerns associated with the inaccessibility of the electronic structure of atoms served as a pretext for a conclusion of the limited possibilities of the empirical method of knowing the internal structure of atoms at the proper time.