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IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications

Physical Layer Security of Partial-NOMA and NOMA in Poisson Networks

Konpal Shaukat Ali, Arafat Al‐Dweik, Ekram Hossain, Marwa Chafii

Published Nov 28, 2023• 18 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Security is an issue in non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and partial-NOMA because a user may decode the message of its paired-user with which it shares a resource element (RE). Three scenarios are studied where, of the paired-users, the eavesdropper is: 1) an actively malicious strong-user, 2) a passive strong-user, 3) an actively malicious weak-user. We define the event of secure-communication in each scenario and derive the corresponding secrecy probabilities for partial-NOMA and NOMA. Our results highlight that with careful selection of the RE’s overlap α, partial-NOMA can significantly outperform NOMA in terms of secrecy probability. Further, careless selection of α can cause partial-NOMA to perform worse than NOMA. We show the non-trivial impact of incorporating the impact of intercell interference on secrecy. Our results shed light on parameter-selection if knowledge of the eavesdropper type is available highlighting that security can be improved without traditional techniques such as jamming that increase power consumption and interference. While NOMA decoding uses successive-interference-cancellation (SIC), partial-NOMA decoding employs receive-filtering followed by flexible-SIC (FSIC). We show that not employing receive-filtering or using SIC instead of FSIC can have a drastic negative impact on secrecy, highlighting the role of the partial-NOMA decoding approach in enhancing secure-communication.

DOI
10.1109/twc.2023.3334020

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Security is an issue in non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and partial-NOMA because a user may decode the message of its paired-user with which it shares a resource element (RE). Three scenarios are studied where, of the paired-users, the eavesdropper is: 1) an actively malicious strong-user, 2) a passive strong-user, 3) an actively malicious weak-user. We define the event of secure-communication in each scenario and derive the corresponding secrecy probabilities for partial-NOMA and NOMA. Our results highlight that with careful selection of the RE’s overlap α, partial-NOMA can significantly outperform NOMA in terms of secrecy probability. Further, careless selection of α can cause partial-NOMA to perform worse than NOMA. We show the non-trivial impact of incorporating the impact of intercell interference on secrecy. Our results shed light on parameter-selection if knowledge of the eavesdropper type is available highlighting that security can be improved without traditional techniques such as jamming that increase power consumption and interference. While NOMA decoding uses successive-interference-cancellation (SIC), partial-NOMA decoding employs receive-filtering followed by flexible-SIC (FSIC). We show that not employing receive-filtering or using SIC instead of FSIC can have a drastic negative impact on secrecy, highlighting the role of the partial-NOMA decoding approach in enhancing secure-communication.
This article clarifies pivotal security issues in the context of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technology and presents potential methodologies to address them at the physical layer. Specifically, we first clarify the channel conditions for an external eavesdropper to use successive interference cancellation (SIC) for cancelling interference, which has recently been considered in the literature of physical layer security for NOMA. We then explicitly demonstrate the advantages and drawbacks of using NOMA to achieve wireless communication security; that is, NOMA improves the security of a strong user, but reduces the security of a weak user. Finally, we discuss a strategy to protect the confidentiality of a weak user's information from a strong user, while still allowing the latter to seek SIC for harnessing the benefits of NOMA. Research challenges and future works along the aforementioned three different aspects of security issues in NOMA are presented in this article.
This study explores the physical layer security (PLS) analysis of a downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) network under multiple eavesdropping scenarios. A composite NOMA signal is transmitted to the users enabling the users for collaborative decoding of their signals using successive-interference-cancellation (SIC). A jammer (J) node is strategically deployed to transmit the interference signals to the eavesdroppers (Eave) in the network. Additionally, the secrecy performance analysis was performed employing various jamming schemes like absence-of-jamming (AJ), unknown-jamming (UJ), and known-jamming (KJ) under both collaborative (C) and non-collaborative (NC) eavesdropping scenarios. Notably, the simulation results reveal the enhanced secrecy rates in the scenario of NC for KJ scheme making it the remarkable choice to improve the confidentiality in the network. Finally, this paper underscores KJ as a significant approach for these networks.
Abstract This paper examines physical layer security in a NOMA-based two-way wireless communication system with several decode-and-forward relays and a malicious eavesdropper. We implement a partial relay selection system to maximize the secrecy capacity of a specific user's information signal. Two hops are involved in the communication process because of the half-duplex relay cooperation. A selected relay receives information from two users. The relay strengthens the signals and broadcasts them during the second hop. Additionally, a jammer transmits a jamming signal that is known to all legitimate nodes but appears as noise with the received signals at the eavesdropper. Since legitimate user nodes are already aware of the jamming signal, channel status information, and self-information, they can decode the original information in downlink mode by self-interference and successive interference cancellation. Secrecy outage probability, intercept probability, and secrecy throughput have been investigated as metrics to analyze the security, where the secrecy performance of a particular user is found to increase by 94.66 %94.66\, \%94.66% with an increment in transmit SNR of jamming from 60 dB60\, dB60dB to 70 dB70\, dB70dB and increases by 90.78 %90.78\, \%90.78% with an increment in the number of relays from 2 to 5.
In the insecure transmission environment, compared with the passive eavesdropper (Eve), the active Eve plays a more threatening role in the physical layer security (PLS), since it can wiretap and jam the signals. To simultaneously decrease the wiretap massage for Eve and improve secrecy outage probability (SOP) for the legitimate users, an enhanced decoding protocol in PLS is proposed for the device-to-device (D2D) non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system under an active Eve attack. In addition, the partial NOMA (P-NOMA) is firstly introduced into PLS to further enhance the performance of the proposed system. The provided closed-forms of SOPs are verified via simulations, whose results show the superiority of our proposed schemes over the conventional NOMA schemes.
Spectrum sharing and successive interference cancellation (SIC) techniques used in power-domain non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems impose secrecy challenges because untrusted users can decode the information of trusted ones. In this context, physical layer security (PLS) appears as an alternative to address the possible risks. In this paper, the secrecy performance of a power-domain NOMA network that employs improper Gaussian signals (IGS) is explored for the first time. The system model considers the downlink where a base station (BS) employs IGS to transmit information to a couple of users. It is assumed that the user closest to the BS is the trusted user and the user furthest away is the untrusted user. The network security is evaluated in terms of the secrecy outage probability (SOP) considering imperfect SIC at the receivers. Expressions to evaluate the achievable rate for each user are calculated and, with these results, an expression to evaluate the SOP is also obtained. Results show that IGS allow the security to be improved, i.e., the SOP can be reduced if the impropriety degree of the transmitted signals is properly selected based on the operation parameters.
In this paper, we analyze the outage probability and secrecy capacity of a non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system in the presence of an eavesdropper. In order to enhance spectral efficiency, a base station communicates with two users simultaneously in the same frequency band by superpimposing the transmit signals to the users in the power domain. Specifically, the user with the worse channel conditions is allocated higher power such that it is able to directly decode its signal from the received superimposed signal. At the user with the better channel conditions, the interference due to NOMA is processed by successive interference cancelation. Given these system settings and accounting for decoding thresholds, we analyze the outage probability of the NOMA system over Rayleigh fading channels. Furthermore, based on the locations of the users and eavesdropper, the secrecy capacity is analyzed to assess the level of security provided to the legitimate users in the presence of an eavesdropper. Here, the decoding thresholds of legitimate users and eavesdropper are also included in the analysis of the secrecy capacity. Through numerical results, the effects of network parameters on system performance are assessed as well as the the superiority of NOMA in terms of secrecy capacity over traditional orthogonal multiple access.