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New Zealand Science Review

A tale of quantum jumps

H. J. Carmichael

Published Nov 17, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

​In this year of light, our attention is quickly drawn to the many inroads into our day-to-day lives made, since the early 1960s, by the laser and the various technologies it has spawned: digital technologies (e.g. the optical fibre network), biomedical imaging and applications (e.g. in ophthalmology and dermatology), and applications in precision and ‘not-so-precision’ engineering – how did engineers ensure that the ends of the Chunnel would meet up in the middle? Likely only a very few of us are turned to a reflection on quantum mechanics by the year of light; but the rise of light, from its rather side-lined position in the late nineteenth century, as a well-understood Maxwell wave, to its position today as a diverse enabling technology, is very much a story of quantum mechanics, particularly in its early days, the days of the Old Quantum Theory where my tale of quantum jumps begins.

DOI
10.26686/nzsr.v72.8604

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The turn of the XXth century witnessed a revolution in physics comparable to Isaac Newton’s discovery of the universal laws of mechanics and of gravitation three centuries earlier. The world required to be described in novel terms, as the immutable, deterministic view of our familiar universe had given way to a new world picture, one which featured chance, flux, and an incessant upsurge of waves of matter. Such a worldview was so radically new and counterintuitive that it gave rise to strong debates, to the effect that Albert Einstein himself tried to oppose it on the grounds that “God does not play dice”. In spite of the intense debates that accompanied its emergence, quantum mechanics quickly proved an incredibly efficacious new tool to understand and to predict a wide array of new phenomena. It was so successful that in no time it broke free from the environment of research labs to become part of daily life, making it possible, for example, to understand why some materials were conductors, while others were insulators. Along with it, came, too, the discovery of transistors, on which much of modern electronics rests. It also led to understand how novel materials known as superconductors allow the transport of electricity with no loss, thus paving the way for new developments in the fields of medical imagery or energy distribution. Other aspects of the quantum theory led to the development of atomic clocks of astounding accuracy, which would be wrong by no more than fifteen seconds, had they been set at the beginning of the universe. A hundred years later, at the turn of the XXIst century, Quantum mechanics has lost none of its astounding power. Contemporary research has undertaken the task of exploring its less immediately perceptible aspects. Groundbreaking developments have ensued, such as the teleportation of grains of light or the possibility, once predicted by the great physicist Richard Feynman, to build, one day, novel computers which, unlike the ones we are familiar with today, will be able to process innumerable numbers of operations in parallel. The Wright Colloquium will be for us the occasion to explore, in the company of five internationallyknown specialists in the field, some of the fascinating aspects of quantum mechanics. We will appraise how efficiently quantum physics can describe our world, and confront its limitation when it is faced with the infinitely small (in relation to recent experiments carried out at the CERN) as with the incommensurably large scale of sidereal spaces. We will appreciate the extent to which quantum physics already has impacted our everyday lives, and evoke the way in which novel fields such as quantum computers and quantum information will entail profound changes in the future. The quantum adventure has only just begun! Monday 15 November 2010 - 18h30 Jochen Mannhart Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, University of Augsburg, Germany Quantum Physics on the Scale of Daily Life Tuesday 16 November 2010 - 18h30 Wolfgang Ketterle Nobel Laureate 2001 (Physics), Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, U.S.A. When freezing cold is not cold enough New forms of matter close to absolute zero temperature Wednesday 17 November 2010 - 18h30 David Gross Nobel Laureate 2004 (Physics), Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa-Barbara, U.S.A. Quantum Mechanics of the Very, Very Small and the Very, Very Large Thursday 18 November 2010 - 18h30 Alain Aspect CNRS senior scientist and Professor Institut d'Optique and Ecole Polytechnique Palaiseau, France. From Einstein’s intuition to quantum bits: a new quantum age? Vendredi 19 novembre 2010 - 18h30 Rainer Blatt Institute of Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences and University of Innsbruck, Austria The Quantum Way of Doing Computations
Abstract I thought today that I would stress the positive side of quantum theory. We began our meeting with the principle of skepticism. In order to be skeptical of something, first you must notice it. It’s very hard to be skeptical of things you do not notice. The hardest part of each dramatic change that has occurred in physics since 1600 has been to become aware of the assumptions of the old theory that had to be given up. The most confusing state of affairs is during the early days of a new theory, when you still cling to some of the old assumptions, and yet some re- wards of the new theory are attracting you further. I used to think of 1924, the year in which Heisenberg discovered the quantum theory, as a kind of abyss, a Grand Canyon, separating the old physics from the new, or a desert separating two fertile regions. But this is too symmetric. The two sides of an abyss are on the same level. The two sides of a desert are symmetric in respect to each other.
Internet just turned 50: five decades that shaped the world we live in. Indeed, Internet itself evolved astonishingly since the beginning, from a network prototype consisting of a few static nodes in the early days to a leviathan interconnecting with billions of devices half of the world’s population. Yet the fundamental assumption underlying Internet’s design – i.e., transmitting messages that can be encoded in a sequence of classical bits – remained unchanged during these five decades. But the dawn of the engineering phase of quantum technologies is challenging Internet’s fundamental assumption. Quantum devices demand for communication primitives – namely, the ability to distribute entangled states and to transmit quantum information – governed by the laws of quantum mechanics. Hence, principles and phenomena with no counterpart in classical networks require a major network-paradigm shift to harness the quantum mechanics specificities. This presentation aims at shedding light on the challenges and the open problems arising with the design of a protocol stack for the Quantum Internet.
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