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AIP Advances

Quantum-secure fault-tolerant distributed cloud storage system

Chun-Li Ma, Dongdong Li, Yalin Li, Yinghao Wu, Song-Yan Ding, Jun Wang, Peiyuan Li, Song Zhang, Junjie Chen, Xiaoxing Zhang, Jia-Yong Wang, Jin Li, Qiang Li, Zhitong Chen, Lei Zhou, Meisheng Zhao, Yong Sheng Zhao

Published Nov 1, 2023• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

With the increasing prominence of data security in cloud storage, we propose a practical and robust cloud storage scheme, which uses quantum random numbers as encryption keys, disperses the keys using Shamir’s secret sharing scheme, applies erasure coding to the ciphertext, and securely transmits the data through quantum key distribution protected networks to the distributed clouds. This system offers several key advantages, including quantum-level security, fault tolerance, and storage space saving. To validate its feasibility, we conduct comprehensive experimental tests covering essential functionalities such as encryption/decryption, key preservation, and data storage. By successfully demonstrating the effectiveness of our proposal, we aim to accelerate the application of quantum technology in cloud storage.

DOI
10.1063/5.0172384

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With the increasing prominence of data security in cloud storage, we propose a practical and robust cloud storage scheme, which uses quantum random numbers as encryption keys, disperses the keys using Shamir’s secret sharing scheme, applies erasure coding to the ciphertext, and securely transmits the data through quantum key distribution protected networks to the distributed clouds. This system offers several key advantages, including quantum-level security, fault tolerance, and storage space saving. To validate its feasibility, we conduct comprehensive experimental tests covering essential functionalities such as encryption/decryption, key preservation, and data storage. By successfully demonstrating the effectiveness of our proposal, we aim to accelerate the application of quantum technology in cloud storage.
Storing data in the form of quantum states on cloud servers can significantly enhance storage efficiency. The storage and sharing of quantum data on cloud servers necessitate consideration of security issues. An ingenious solution is to store data in the form of ciphertext on cloud servers. When data needs to be shared with users, the cloud server performs a second encryption on the data ciphertext and sends the doubly encrypted ciphertext to the users. Users can decrypt and obtain the data itself using their private keys. This process can be regarded as the transformation of the data owner’s ciphertext into a shared ciphertext by a third party (the cloud server). This study proposes a new quantum data sharing scheme for cloud servers. One of our main contributions is the realization of sharing specific data with users who have appropriate permissions (satisfying certain attribute-based conditions). The security of the scheme is demonstrated through key analysis, plaintext analysis, first-level ciphertext analysis, and second-level ciphertext analysis.
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Distributed storage plays an essential role in realizing robust and secure data storage in a network over long periods of time. A distributed storage system consists of a data owner machine, multiple storage servers and channels to link them. In such a system, secret sharing scheme is widely adopted, in which secret data are split into multiple pieces and stored in each server. To reconstruct them, the data owner should gather plural pieces. Shamir's (k, n)-threshold scheme, in which the data are split into n pieces (shares) for storage and at least k pieces of them must be gathered for reconstruction, furnishes information theoretic security, that is, even if attackers could collect shares of less than the threshold k, they cannot get any information about the data, even with unlimited computing power. Behind this scenario, however, assumed is that data transmission and authentication must be perfectly secure, which is not trivial in practice. Here we propose a totally information theoretically secure distributed storage system based on a user-friendly single-password-authenticated secret sharing scheme and secure transmission using quantum key distribution, and demonstrate it in the Tokyo metropolitan area (≤90 km).
The increasing reliance on cloud storage across sectors has made the protection of sensitive data a critical concern especially as advances in quantum computing threaten to break traditional public-key cryptographic systems. This growing vulnerability raises urgent questions about how to secure digital assets in a post-quantum future. To address this challenge, this study aims to design, implement, and evaluate a hybrid encryption framework that combines symmetric encryption for data confidentiality with quantum-resistant public-key algorithms for key management and digital signatures. The objective was to develop a secure and practical solution that can be readily adopted using open-source tools. The system was built in a Linux-based virtual environment using an S3-compatible object storage platform, integrated with quantum-safe cryptographic libraries, and automated through scripting. Performance testing was conducted using files ranging from 100 MB to 1 GB, with metrics such as encryption and decryption time, CPU usage, upload/download latency, and internet throughput analyzed. The results showed that while quantum-safe operations added some overhead, even large files could be securely processed in under two minutes with stable system performance and no data corruption. These findings confirm that hybrid encryption models can be deployed today without specialized hardware, offering a forward-compatible and robust approach to cloud security. This work contributes a tested and reproducible framework for early adoption of quantum-safe cryptography in real-world cloud environments.
The increasing use of cloud computing has raised concerns about the security of sensitive data. Quantum computers pose a serious threat to the security of traditional encryption schemes, as they could be used to break these schemes in a relatively short amount of time. Quantum cryptography offers a promising solution to this problem, as it provides a secure way to exchange keys that cannot be broken by quantum computers. In this paper, we propose a novel data security scheme for cloud computing that uses quantum key distribution (QKD). The scheme uses a QKD protocol to establish a shared secret key between the cloud server and the client. This key is then used to encrypt the data before it is sent to the cloud server. The scheme also proposes a new method for verifying the integrity of the data after it has been decrypted. The proposed scheme is secure against both classical and quantum attacks. It is also efficient, as it does not require the transmission of large amounts of data. The scheme is also scalable, as it can be easily implemented in cloud computing environments.
This research develops SQKD-CDS as a Secure Quantum Key Distribution for Cloud Data Security model which strengthens cloud information protection. NAE and QKD technologies work together in the model to establish secure key-sharing and encryption systems. QKD transmits secret keys by quantum principles through secure channels to stop eavesdropping because of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. The encryption method applies non-commutative cryptographic structures which create a higher level of security protection. A secret key created through the Diffie-Hellman algorithm allows cloud administration personnel to authenticate with their users during mutual verification. The CloudSim tool proves that SQKD-CDS improves safety levels while shortening encryption and decryption processes along with enhancing storage capacity utilization. SQKD-CDS demonstrates superior performance through its lower QBER and faster key group times which reach 24.7 ms when implementing 50 files. The model provides protection against denial-of-service occurrences as well as man-in-the-middle breaches. SQKD-CDS reducing memory consumption to 135.5 KB while showing improved security characteristics to be considered as a quantum cryptographic solution for storing cloud data safely.