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On the Wave-Particle Duality of the Photons and the Matter-Photon Particle Mixture Model

Boling Xi, Shisheng Wang

Published Nov 7, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Relativistic quantum mechanics and many experimental results and observations show that electron-positron annihilation can produce photons; photon-matter and photon-photon interaction can also create electrons and positrons. The photons have no rest mass, e.g. relative to Lab frame, and always travel at the speed of light in the vacuum. In this paper, a rotational moving electric dipole model with negative and positive charges was proposed for photons. In a vacuum, the electric dipoles are moving in a twisted helical motion around their propagation axis (their center of mass). Photon particles are traveling at the speed of light along the propagation axis. This pair of negative and positive charged particles exerts both electrostatic and magnetic force on each other. Both forces are attractive and act as a centripetal force to keep the electric dipole in a continuous helical motion around the axis of rotation. With this model, the wave-particle duality of photons can be described simultaneously. The space is filled by matter (having rest mass relative to Lab frame) and photons (without rest mass); it is a multicomponent mixture fluid. In "vacuum", though there is no rest matter particle, but there are still photon gas particles, the total energy-momentum tensor should include rest matter particles and photon gas particles.

DOI
10.32388/ne8drj

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Relativistic quantum mechanics and many experimental results and observations show that electron-positron annihilation can produce photons; photon-matter and photon-photon interaction can also create electrons and positrons. The photons have no rest mass, e.g. relative to Lab frame, and always travel at the speed of light in the vacuum. In this paper, a rotational moving electric dipole model with negative and positive charges was proposed for photons. In a vacuum, the electric dipoles are moving in a twisted helical motion around their propagation axis (their center of mass). Photon particles are traveling at the speed of light along the propagation axis. This pair of negative and positive charged particles exerts both electrostatic and magnetic force on each other. Both forces are attractive and act as a centripetal force to keep the electric dipole in a continuous helical motion around the axis of rotation. With this model, the wave-particle duality of photons can be described simultaneously. The space is filled by matter (having rest mass relative to Lab frame) and photons (without rest mass); it is a multicomponent mixture fluid. In "vacuum", though there is no rest matter particle, but there are still photon gas particles, the total energy-momentum tensor should include rest matter particles and photon gas particles.
In this paper we demonstrate duality between matter and light. Through mathematical derivation we show that every fundamental matter particle with non-zero rest mass can be represented by a pair of photons. The photons in the representation are not normal photons but a special kind of continuously generating and annihilating virtual photons, whose wave functions super impose to give the wave function of the non-zero rest mass particle and the representation is in agreement with the spin of the particle. We use this duality to derive De Broglie wavelength. We show that a moving matter wave has two frequency components, one of it is with De-Broglie wavelength h/P and the other one is with wavelength hc/E. We also correct the De-Broglie wavelength for v = 0 where we show that there is only one frequency component for v = 0 with wavelength hc/E. Later in the paper we derive that every photon can be represented by a non-zero rest mass particle pair, one going below the speed of light and the other going above the speed of light.
A detailed kinematic analysis was conducted based on the hypothesis of the photon as an electric dipole in combined motions, a rotation and a linear uniform motion perpendicular to its rotational axis. A particle wave coefficient(j) of a rotational object in combined motions is defined based on the analysis of the motion quantities, translational momentum and rotational angular momentum. The motion analysis explains the intrinsic nature of particle-wave duality, the relation among momentum, angular momentum and its wavelength when the rotational particle in combined motions. For the photon, j equals Planck constant (h), is the sum of its translational kinetic energy and rotational energy. The derivation processes of the wave equation of the photon, both the first order derivative method and the second order derivative method, demonstrate that the Dirac Equation is applicable to describe the motions of the photon as the dipole. The four wave components of the photon interpret why the negative energy solutions exist to the Dirac equation, which reveals the disk structure of dimetric spinvectors of the electron.
Until now, we do not know whether elementary particles have structure, but we cannot assert that elementary particles do not have structure, because all experiences tell us that the properties of non-living and living things are closely related to their structure. As their foundation, can the microscopic particles be excluded? Do photons and charged fermions have structure? What structure? We study the key to the Schrödinger computation that accurately reproduce the energy levels of the Bohr model and the general solution of Schrödinger equation mathematically; we found to satisfy Schrödinger equation the charged fermions must possess a double helix structure of mass density. Such structures plus partial self-rotation make them quantized and a fixed value spin or . We prove that the Maxwell wave equation is simultaneously the Klein-Gordon equation for electromagnetic waves. Then we prove that photons have a double helix structure of EH-energy that makes photons quantized and a fixed value spin or . There is a charge in the electron (and charged fermions); a pair of charges in the photons, they distribute double helically along their side boundaries; these charges produce and carry a circular polarized E-wave and EH-wave respectively. They form two traveling-wave-particle hybrid structures. It is such hybrid structures give them traveling-wave-particle duality. Such dualities can exhibit their wave property and particle property simultaneously in the same experiments. At last, we prove that the electron cloud photo not only exhibits the probability distribution of electrons but also proves the existence of electrons’ trajectories around the nucleus; the electrons’ motions make the probability distribution. The electron probability distribution around the nucleus is causal. At last we prove that the electron in the main shells (the Eigen states) of a multi-electron atom does not radiate pure EM energy, not fall to the nucleus.
In the wave-particle duality, a free particle can be considered as a wave packet. Is there a wave property that corresponds to the rest mass of the particle? This is an interesting question that has not been extensively explored before. We suggest that this problem may be approached by treating the rest mass on the same footing as energy and momentum. Here we demonstrate that, by assuming that the matter wave of a particle behaves like a photon, one could derive the mass-energy relation from the solution of a simplified wave equation. This solution suggests that the rest mass of a particle is associated with a "transverse wave number", which characterizes the radial variation of the wave function in the transverse plane. This finding has several appealing features. For example, it shows a consistent geometrical relationship between mass, energy and momentum in both the wave and particle perspectives. Also, it predicts that a massless particle must travel at the constant speed of light. Furthermore, from a philosophical point of view, this model suggests that the mass-energy relation attributed to the special theory of relativity may have a root in the wave-particle duality. Indeed, it is shown that the Klein-Gordon equation can be derived naturally based on this model.
I will discuss a real imaginary photon model that has a constant energy content with its rotating elementary charges e + and e - around a common center and moving with a constant speed as a particle, wavelike through empty space. This leads to an indication that there is a difference between the electromagnetic oscillation of dipoles radiating in all direction and the single-direction rotation of the forward moving electrical potential difference of the photon, as photovoltaic and photoconductive detetcters indicate, since they can detect no wavelengths larger then 42 µm (GeZn detector). Furthermore, this photon model explains why gravitational waves, accelerating galaxies as the source of red shifts, and the universal equation E = mc2 are not possible if this model is found to be true. Here it is also explained why the rotating and forward moving charges have no magnetic field. Finally, it is shown that at a beam splitter a photon is either reflected or transmitted and why interference still occurs in an inteferometer in so-called single-photon experiments.
A spatial model of a free electron (or a positron) is formed by a proposed superluminally circulating point-like charged superluminal quantum. The model includes the Dirac equation’s electron spin 12 and magnetic moment / 2e m as well as three Dirac equation measures of the electron’s Zitterbewegung (“jittery motion”): a speed of light velocity c, a frequency of 2 202 / 2.5 10mc h hz, and a size of 131 2 / 1.9 10mc m. The electron’s superluminal quantum has a closed double-looped helical trajectory whose circular axis ’ double-looped length is one Compton wavelength h/mc. In the electron’s rest frame, the equations for the superluminal quantum’s position are: