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Thermodynamical Bethe Ansatz

Giuseppe Mussardo

Published Aug 27, 2009• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract The thermodynamics of a quantum field theory in an infinite volume can be determined by its S-matrix. This idea, originally proposed by R. Dashen, S.K. Ma, and H.J. Berstein, has been widely used to study the thermal properties of the integrable field theories in (1 + 1) dimensions. The reason consists of the particularly simple properties of these scattering matrices, as discussed in the previous two chapters, and the possibility to generalize to the relativistic case the thermodynamics Bethe ansatz (TBA) techniques successfully applied to non-relativistic problems by C.N. Yang and C.P. Yang. In the TBA approach, the derivation of the thermodynamics of a purely elastic scattering theory reduces to finding the solution of a set of nonlinear integral equations that rule the energies of the particle excitations and their statistical distribution.

DOI
10.1093/oso/9780199547586.003.0019

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Abstract The thermodynamics of a quantum field theory in an infinite volume can be determined by its S-matrix. This idea, originally proposed by R. Dashen, S.K. Ma, and H.J. Berstein, has been widely used to study the thermal properties of the integrable field theories in (1 + 1) dimensions. The reason consists of the particularly simple properties of these scattering matrices, as discussed in the previous two chapters, and the possibility to generalize to the relativistic case the thermodynamics Bethe ansatz (TBA) techniques successfully applied to non-relativistic problems by C.N. Yang and C.P. Yang. In the TBA approach, the derivation of the thermodynamics of a purely elastic scattering theory reduces to finding the solution of a set of nonlinear integral equations that rule the energies of the particle excitations and their statistical distribution.
Abstract The Thermodynamic Bethe Ansatz (TBA) allows us to study finite size and finite temperature effects of an integrable model. This chapter investigates the integral equations that determine the free energy and gives their physical interpretation. It discusses Casimir energy, Bethe relativistic wave function, the derivation of thermodynamics, the meaning of pseudo-energy (dressed energy and momentum), infrared and ultraviolet limits, the coefficient of bulk energy, the general form of the TBA equations, the thermodynamics of the free field theories, L-channel quantization and the LeClair–Mussardo formula. It also covers the application of the Yang–Lee S-matrix, the magnetic field Ising model, and the tricritical Ising model.
We propose an exact summation method to compute thermodynamic observables in integrable quantum field theories. The key idea is to use the matrix-tree theorem to write the Gaudin determinants that appear in the cluster expansion as a sum over graphs. For theories with a diagonal S-matrix, this method is more powerful than the standard Thermodynamic Bethe Ansatz (TBA) technique as it is exact to all orders of powers in inverse volume. We have obtained using this method the TBA equation, the excited state energies in finite volume, the Leclair-Mussardo formula for one point functions, the finite-temperature boundary entropy and cumulants of conserved charges in Generalized Gibbs Ensembles. Moreover, the graph expansion can also be regarded as an alternative to algebraic manipulations involving Gaudin determinants. We have applied this idea to derive the equations of state and other transport properties in Generalized Hydrodynamics. For theories with a non-diagonal S-matrix, the description of a complete set of states is more involved and it is not known how a cluster expansion can be implemented. It is nevertheless possible to apply the direct summation method in reverse and interpret known TBA equations with complex strings in terms of diagrams.
Abstract We give a pedagogical introduction to the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz, a method that allows us to describe the thermodynamics of integrable models whose spectrum is found via the (asymptotic) Bethe ansatz. We set the stage by deriving the Fermi–Dirac distribution and associated free energy of free electrons, and then in a similar though technically more complicated fashion treat the thermodynamics of integrable models, focusing first on the one-dimensional Bose gas with delta function interaction as a clean pedagogical example, secondly the XXX spin chain as an elementary (lattice) model with prototypical complicating features in the form of bound states, and finally the SU ( 2 ) chiral Gross–Neveu model as a field theory example. Throughout this discussion we emphasize the central role of particle and hole densities, whose relations determine the model under consideration. We then discuss tricks that allow us to use the same methods to describe the exact spectra of integrable field theories on a circle, in particular the chiral Gross–Neveu model. We moreover discuss the simplification of TBA equations to Y systems, including the transition back to integral equations given sufficient analyticity data, in simple examples.
We evaluate the exact energy current and scaled cumulant generating function (related to the large-deviation function) in non-equilibrium steady states with energy flow, in any integrable model of relativistic quantum field theory (IQFT) with diagonal scattering. Our derivations are based on various recent results of D. Bernard and B. Doyon. The steady states are built by connecting homogeneously two infinite halves of the system thermalized at different temperatures Tl, Tr, and waiting for a long time. We evaluate the current J(Tl, Tr) using the exact QFT density matrix describing these non-equilibrium steady states and using Al.B. Zamolodchikov’s method of the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz (TBA). The scaled cumulant generating function is obtained from the extended fluctuation relations which hold in integrable models. We verify our formula in particular by showing that the conformal field theory (CFT) result is obtained in the high-temperature limit. We analyze numerically our non-equilibrium steady-state TBA equations for three models: the sinh-Gordon model, the roaming trajectories model, and the sine-Gordon model at a particular reflectionless point. Based on the numerics, we conjecture that an infinite family of non-equilibrium c-functions, associated to the scaled cumulants, can be defined, which we interpret physically. We study the full scaled distribution function and find that it can be described by a set of independent Poisson processes. Finally, we show that the “additivity ” property of the current, which is known to hold in CFT and was proposed to hold more generally, does not hold in general IQFT, that is J(Tl, Tr) is not of the form f(Tl)−f(Tr).
In this series of lectures given at KIAS in Nov 2018, I briefly introduce the concepts of integrability, at classical and quantum level. Then I elaborate on the factorised scattering theory emerging in 1+1 integrable QFT. The Thermdynamic Bethe Ansatz (TBA) is a well known method to get exact information from the scattering theory, in order to identify the underlying QFT. Here I illustrate how to get TBA in the case of the prototypical Sine-Gordon model, particularly interesting to show the techniques when the S-matrix is not diagonal.