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Acta Optica Sinica

基于里德堡原子外差传感器的宽带高灵敏探测

杨凯 Yang Kai, 毛瑞棋 Mao Ruiqi, 孙占山 Sun Zhanshan, 李健兵 Li Jianbing, 付云起 Fu Yunqi

Published Jan 1, 2023• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

里德堡原子外差技术通过引入辅助本振场可以极大地提升探测灵敏度，在雷达、电子侦察和通信方面具有广阔的应用潜力。本文在一个2 cm长的室温铯原子气室中，利用相向传输的探测光（852 nm）和耦合光（509 nm）将铯原子激发至里德堡态，用于实现里德堡原子光学探测。实验中分别用喇叭天线和平行板波导作为谐振区和非谐振区的微波发射装置，利用里德堡原子外差技术，实现了谐振区2.63 GHz处最小场强为220.94 nV/cm和非谐振区300 MHz处最小场强为19 μV/cm的微波电场测量，测量灵敏度分别为-131.9（dBm/cm2）/Hz和-93.2（dBm/cm2）/Hz。原则上，通过调谐激光频率激发碱金属原子至不同的里德堡态，并结合谐振区和非谐振区里德堡原子对电场的不同响应，可以在宽带连续频谱范围内实现对微波电场的高灵敏度探测。

DOI
10.3788/aos230626

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里德堡原子外差技术通过引入辅助本振场可以极大地提升探测灵敏度，在雷达、电子侦察和通信方面具有广阔的应用潜力。本文在一个2 cm长的室温铯原子气室中，利用相向传输的探测光（852 nm）和耦合光（509 nm）将铯原子激发至里德堡态，用于实现里德堡原子光学探测。实验中分别用喇叭天线和平行板波导作为谐振区和非谐振区的微波发射装置，利用里德堡原子外差技术，实现了谐振区2.63 GHz处最小场强为220.94 nV/cm和非谐振区300 MHz处最小场强为19 μV/cm的微波电场测量，测量灵敏度分别为-131.9（dBm/cm2）/Hz和-93.2（dBm/cm2）/Hz。原则上，通过调谐激光频率激发碱金属原子至不同的里德堡态，并结合谐振区和非谐振区里德堡原子对电场的不同响应，可以在宽带连续频谱范围内实现对微波电场的高灵敏度探测。
A cost‐effective approach to provide diamond platelets containing nitrogen vacancy center ensembles (NVs) in the range of ppm is investigated. Industry‐type high‐pressure–high‐temperature‐diamond type 1b containing a high number of interstitial nitrogen in the range of several tens of ppm are used and small diamond platelets (size ≈1 × 1 mm2, thickness ≈300 μm) are prepared by laser cutting and polishing. The nitrogen is converted into NV by means of high‐energy electron irradiation of 10 MeV and annealing at 900 °C. Variations in the irradiation dose between 0.5E18 1/cm2 and 2E18 1/cm2 result in different densities of NV. The diamond platelets are analyzed with regard to their nitrogen concentration and photoluminescence as well as optically detected magnetic resonance is used to investigate the usability for a NV‐based magnetometer. A method to calculate the ratio of negatively to neutrally charged NV (NV−/NV0) is proposed that uses the photoluminescence intensities of the spectrum at 575 and 638 nm, namely, the zero‐phonon lines of NV− and NV0.
本文理论分析和实验测量研究了微波相位噪声对里德堡原子天线微波混频信号的影响。通过研究微波混频信号的相位噪声项,建立在信号场中加入相位噪声后微波混频信号强度变化的理论模拟图。实验基于室温铯原子气室中里德堡原子电磁感应透明光谱,实现里德堡原子|64S1/2?→|64P1/2?态的电偶极跃迁,得到频率13.806 057 GHz与13.806 000 GHz的微波场混频信号。同时,对混频信号强度的参数依赖关系进行研究。经实验发现,基于里德堡原子天线微波混频信号强度与参考场的功率有关,优化功率参数条件下,参考场可以实现约20dB的混频信号增强;当参考场调控里德堡原子达到微波混频效率最大时,在信号场中加入相位噪声,会导致混频信号强度的显著降低。
非线性干涉仪借助非线性参量过程实现光场的分束与合束，具有独特的输出特性，已被广泛应用于量子测量、量子传感、量子成像等领域。尤其是利用非线性干涉仪输出信号和闲频光场的等价性，仅使用一个单光子探测器即可实现对两个关联光场在模式匹配和时域相干性等方面的表征，从而降低了对待测波段探测器的硬性要求。本文利用光子晶体光纤搭建了迈克尔逊型非线性干涉仪，其中信号光场和闲频光场分别位于1 550 nm红外光通信波段和776 nm红光波段，两者频率差约193 THz。实验中使用一个单光子探测器测量干涉仪输出的闲频光场，当调整信号光场延时或遮挡信号光时，在闲频光场中观测到干涉可见度的改变。实验结果佐记了基于光子晶体光纤的频率大失谐非线性干涉仪在红外量子测量等应用中的可行性。
The photoluminescence spectra of two synthetic diamond samples containing 1-10 ppm NV centers and 100-200 ppm substitutional nitrogen were studied under optical pumping at 532, 560, and 575 nm. At pump intensities less than 0.5-1.0 MW/cm2, a vibronic photoluminescence band of NV- centers in the negative charge state was observed. With an increase in the pump intensity above 0.5-1.0 MW/cm2, a superluminescence band was observed on the long-wavelength shoulder of the phonon wing in the range 700-760 nm. The intensity of superluminescence band increased with increasing pump intensity. It is shown that the position of the superluminescence band with maxima in the range 715-720 nm is unchanged at all of optical pump wavelengths.
Microwave magnetometry is essential for the advancement of microwave technologies. We demonstrate a broadband microwave sensing protocol using the AC Zeeman effect with ensemble nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. A widefield microscope can visualize the frequency characteristics of the microwave resonator and the spatial distribution of off-resonant microwave amplitude. Furthermore, by combining this method with dynamical decoupling, we achieve the microwave amplitude sensitivity of 5.2 μT/Hz, which is 7.7 times better than 40.2 μT/Hz obtained using the protocol in previous research over a sensing volume of 2.77 μm×2.77 μm×30 nm. Our achievement is a concrete step in adapting ensemble NV centers for wideband and widefield microwave imaging.
时域平衡零拍探测器可以直接探测脉冲信号光场的正交分量，是连续变量量子密钥分发系统中的关键器件。本文介绍了一种新型时域平衡零拍探测器，充分利用了级联光电二极管中每个光电二极管两端产生的光电流信号，不仅能够测量信号光场的正交分量，同时还可以实时监测本振光功率并产生与本振光同频率的时钟信号。实验中，在1 MHz的重复速率下，探测器可输出共模抑制比达75 dB，信噪比为13.50 dB散粒噪声信号；同时产生与本振光同频的时钟信号，并输出与本振光功率具有良好线性关系的直流电压值，增益为2.52×10-7 V/光子，残差平方和为2.51×10-4 V2。该探测器可显著降低连续变量量子密钥分发系统接收端的复杂度，能有效避免因分束器的分束比变化而产生的安全漏洞，增强了系统的实际安全性。