Quantum security in multi-party authentication is a critical aspect to be addressed in Internet of Everything (IoE), especially when considering the possible future network attacks by the usage of quantum computers. To ensure an invulnerable multi-party computation, the Post-quantum based Oblivious Transfer for authentication in heterogeneous internet of everything Systems (POTS) protocol proposed in this paper integrates 1-out-n oblivious transfer along with the post-quantum encryption to preserve the network from suspicious parties during communication. The protocol further intends to evaluate resilience by considering various metrics namely, hit ratio, execution time and memory consumption, in order to attain considerable accuracy in an IoE environment. The POTS protocol achieves an execution time of 66.69 seconds, device memory consumption of 131.95 MB and hit ratio of 20.46% for the session size of 300.
Quantum security in multi-party authentication is a critical aspect to be addressed in Internet of Everything (IoE), especially when considering the possible future network attacks by the usage of quantum computers. To ensure an invulnerable multi-party computation, the Post-quantum based Oblivious Transfer for authentication in heterogeneous internet of everything Systems (POTS) protocol proposed in this paper integrates 1-out-n oblivious transfer along with the post-quantum encryption to preserve the network from suspicious parties during communication. The protocol further intends to evaluate resilience by considering various metrics namely, hit ratio, execution time and memory consumption, in order to attain considerable accuracy in an IoE environment. The POTS protocol achieves an execution time of 66.69 seconds, device memory consumption of 131.95 MB and hit ratio of 20.46% for the session size of 300.
The rapid proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has revolutionized digital communication, yet it simultaneously poses unprecedented security challenges due to constrained device capabilities and increasing cyber threats. Conventional cryptographic techniques, while currently effective, are vulnerable to emerging quantum computing technologies that threaten to render classical encryption obsolete. This paper explores the integration of quantum-safe cryptographic techniques within IoT networks to ensure long-term confidentiality, integrity, and authentication. It examines post-quantum cryptographic primitives, including lattice-based, hash-based, multivariate, and code-based schemes, and evaluates their suitability for resource-constrained IoT environments. The study focuses on lightweight implementation strategies, balancing computational efficiency with robust security requirements. Simulation analyses demonstrate that properly optimized quantum safe protocols can provide resilient encryption, key exchange, and digital signature functionalities without overwhelming device resources. Furthermore, the integration of these techniques with IoT communication standards and secure network protocols ensures end-to-end protection across heterogeneous networks. Challenges such as latency, energy consumption, and scalability are addressed, highlighting the necessity of tailored cryptographic solutions for diverse IoT applications. The findings confirm that quantum safe cryptography is essential for future-proofing IoT networks, offering sustainable security measures that remain resilient against both classical and quantum adversaries, thereby supporting the continued expansion of secure and intelligent interconnected systems.
Public-key cryptography (PKC) provides confidentiality, data integrity, and user authentication. Particularly, nonrepudiation, authentication and integrity of transmitted messages are assured by public-key (PK) signature schemes. Since the presence of a large scale quantum computer would be a real threat to break currently used PK cryptographic algorithms, all security protocols based on the PK cryptographic algorithms are vulnerable to quantum-computer attacks. It needs to investigate possible alternatives, post-quantum cryptography (PQC), believed to be resistant to attacks from both classical and quantum computers. All the traditional PKC should be replaced with PQC for secure communications in post-quantum era. In this work, we evaluate the post-quantum signature schemes in terms of various metrics, performance, signature/key sizes, energy consumption, resistance to implementation attacks and adaptability to Internet protocols. We then investigate their suitability for Internet of Things based on these metrics.
The rapid expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems has introduced significant security challenges due to resource-constrained devices, heterogeneous network architectures, and largescale connectivity. Traditional authentication and key exchange mechanisms, primarily based on classical cryptographic algorithms such as RSA and ECC, are vulnerable to future quantum computing attacks. The emergence of quantum algorithms, particularly Shor’s algorithm, threatens the long-term confidentiality and integrity of IoT communications. This paper proposes a Quantum-Resistant Authentication and Key Exchange Protocol specifically designed for secure IoT architectures. The proposed framework integrates post-quantum cryptographic primitives, including lattice-based key exchange mechanisms and hash-based authentication schemes, optimized for low computational overhead suitable for constrained IoT devices. The protocol ensures mutual authentication, forward secrecy, and resistance against quantum adversaries while maintaining minimal communication latency. Security analysis demonstrates robustness against replay, man-in-the-middle, and key-compromise attacks. Performance evaluation shows that the proposed solution achieves a balance between quantum security strength and resource efficiency, making it suitable for next-generation IoT deployments in smart cities, healthcare systems, and industrial automation.
This massive rate of expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) has brought about an immediate demand of safer and efficient communication methods with the capacity to endure upcoming cyber threats of the quantum age. Conventional cryptographic keys like RSA and ECC are getting more susceptible to quantum attacks and thus quantum-proof modules should be developed. This study introduces a Quantum-Resilient Communication Protocol, a lightweight cryptography-authentication post-quantum cryptography protocol, an integration of lattice and AES-GCM encryption with HMAC-based authentication to enable more resource-constrained IoT devices to be amely secured. MATLAB and NS-3 were used to simulate the proposed protocol and the performance of the proposed protocol was compared to a traditional ECC-based IoT protocol. The findings indicated that QRCP had improvement in the latency, throughput and energy savings over 40 percent and it was found that QRCP resisted quantum attack of Shor and Grover. The results justify the practicality of integrating the post-quantum cryptographic exceptors in the IoT network and provide a scalable, energy-saving, and future-enabling paradigm of the secure communication in the quantum era of computational computing.
We present an experimentally feasible implementation of a secure multiparty computation application enabled by quantum oblivious transfer (QOT) on an entanglement-based physical layer. The QOT protocol uses polarization-encoded entangled states to share oblivious keys between two parties with quantum key distribution (QKD) providing authentication. Our system integrates the post-processing for QOT and QKD, both sharing a single physical layer, ensuring efficient key generation and authentication, respectively. Authentication involves hashing messages into a cryptographic context, verifying tags, and replenishing keys. This process uses a parallel QKD pipeline specifically for authentication, not for secure key generation. Oblivious keys are generated over a distance up to 25.8 km with a channel loss of 8.47 dB. In a back-to-back setup, a QOT rate of [Formula: see text] OTs/second is achieved, corresponding to 1 minute and 53 seconds per OT, primarily limited by the entanglement source. Using pre-distributed oblivious keys improved the rate to 0.11 OTs/second, or 9.1 seconds per OT. The considered QOT protocol is statistically correct, computationally secure for an honest receiver, and statistically secure for an honest sender, assuming a computationally hiding, statistically binding commitment. An experimentally feasible use case is demonstrated for privacy-preserving fingerprint matching against no-fly lists for border control. The fingerprint is secret-shared across two sites, ensuring security, while the matching is performed using the MASCOT protocol, supported by QOT. The application required 128 1-out-of-2 OTs, each with message length of 128 bits, with the highest security achieved in 20 minutes and 39 seconds. This work demonstrates the feasibility of QOT in secure quantum communication applications.
Summary Internet of Everything (IoE) is one of the emerging technologies in the advancement of digital life and innovation. But the major issue that is to be addressed is the security concerns over such an environment, especially in end‐to‐end device communication. The proposed approach primarily focuses on reliable end‐to‐end device communication using post‐quantum location‐aware encryption, aiming to achieve confidentiality and integrity in an Internet of Everything environment. Even though the post‐quantum techniques have shown to be one of the evolving solutions for reliable data communication, but its robustness against the Man‐In‐The‐Middle and Sybil attacks is still a wide‐open subject and undiscovered. Numerous traditional encryption algorithms are now in use, while post‐quantum encryption is being studied and considered as a quantum‐safe substitute. The proposed approach also demonstrates a robust attack model which focuses on communication network threats like namely, Man‐In‐The‐Middle and Sybil attacks intending to evaluate the overall performance of the network by analyzing the performance parameters like, number of nodes in the network, message size, execution time, and memory consumption by the nodes and aiming to achieve an appreciable accuracy in an IoE environment.