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Advanced Quantum Technologies

2 µm Ghost Spectroscopy with an Integrated Silicon Quantum Photonics Source

Matteo Sanna, Davide Rizzotti, Stefano Signorini, Lorenzo Pavesi

Published Oct 16, 2023• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract A ghost spectroscopy measurement with an entangled photon source is demonstrated. The transmission spectrum at the 2 m absorption peak of gaseous carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is measured in a highly noisy environment. Despite the noise, a high sensitivity is obtained, a value that is larger than the one found for a classical spectroscopy measurement performed in the same conditions. The probe photons are time‐energy correlated photon pairs generated through intermodal spontaneous four‐wave mixing in a silicon waveguide. This observation opens the way to low‐cost on‐chip MIR sensors insensitive to environmental noise.

DOI
10.1002/qute.202300159

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•Sep 1, 2014•0 citations
Abstract A ghost spectroscopy measurement with an entangled photon source is demonstrated. The transmission spectrum at the 2 m absorption peak of gaseous carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is measured in a highly noisy environment. Despite the noise, a high sensitivity is obtained, a value that is larger than the one found for a classical spectroscopy measurement performed in the same conditions. The probe photons are time‐energy correlated photon pairs generated through intermodal spontaneous four‐wave mixing in a silicon waveguide. This observation opens the way to low‐cost on‐chip MIR sensors insensitive to environmental noise.
In this work, we investigate the application of intermodal spontaneous four wave mixing (SFWM) to ghost spectroscopy in the mid-infrared (MIR) spectral region. This technique is of great interest for MIR sensing, being able to overcome the limitations faced by MIR detectors in terms of background noise and dark counts. Through intermodal SFWM in a Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) waveguide, two temporally correlated photons are generated: using a standard C-band pump, the idler photon is in the near-infrared (NIR) and the signal photon is in the MIR. The integrated source, with a coincidence to accidental ratio (CAR) of 114 ± 4, is used to demonstrate that, in situations of environmental noise, ghost spectroscopy yields advantages with respect to the traditional absorption spectroscopy. The time-energy entanglement of the photon pairs is used to enhance the visibility of the measurement against noisy background conditions and to increase the spectral resolution in the MIR by spectral filtering the NIR photons. Modeling and experimental data support these improvements.
Silicon micro-ring resonators have been demonstrated to be potential “on- chip” efficient sources of time-energy entangled photons. In these devices, photon pairs are generated by spontaneous four-wave-mixing (SFWM), an elastic scattering event involving two pump photons that results in the generation of an idler and a signal photon. The mass production of such integrated devices for quantum optic experiment requires the implementation of fast and reliable techniques to monitor the emitted two-photon state as well as the device performances. In this work we show that the joint spectral density of photon pairs that would be generated by SFWM in a silicon ring resonator can be measured with unprecedented resolution and speed, improving of several orders of magnitudes the results of traditional approaches based on coincidence measurements.
Interference measurements with undetected photons employ entangled photon pairs in order to overcome classical limitations in measurement sensitivity. With the undetected photon technique, one photon (signal) interacts with an object, and the signature of the interaction is stored in its entangled counterpart (idler): the interacting photon remains undetected, while the detection is performed on the photon that did not interact with the object. While the signal photon can be chosen in any spectral region suitable for the interaction, the idler photon is generated in a spectral region where detectors are efficient, scalable, and cheap. To date, the configurations proposed are in bulk setups. In this work, we propose a novel configuration on an integrated device, with the advantages of the reduced dimension, the lower cost and the robustness to alignment. In our experiment, we pumped a silicon-on-silica integrated circuit with a classical beam at a wavelength of 1.568 μm. Via intermodal spontaneous four-wave mixing, we generated highly non-degenerate time-energy entangled signal and idler photons at 1.99 μm and 1.29 μm, respectively. As we have integrated two identical sources of entangled photons in series, the photon pairs generated in the two sources are indistinguishable, and controlling the phase of the pump beam and the phase of the signal photons after the first nonlinear source, we observed interference patterns with 24% maximum visibility in the idler photon counts. We successfully measured the dephasing induced on the signal photons by measuring only the idler ones.
Silicon quantum photonics promises to take quantum optics to the large scale, where single photons carry the quantum information which can accelerate difficult computational problems, provide perfectly secure communication, or allow high-accuracy measurements. The silicon photonics platform offers miniature, high-yield, and high-performance photonics which are integrable with CMOS electronics and telecommunications-band optics. To date, only non-scalable photon-pair sources, based on spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) in straight silicon waveguides have been shown to interfere [1]. Until now, single-photon experiments in silicon [2] have exclusively used an off-chip apparatus, such as a silica arrayed waveguide grating, to control and manipulate photon frequency. We present a silicon-on-insulator quantum photonic device (Fig. 1a) able to generate and analyse two maximally entangled qubits. We use this device to demonstrate high-visibility quantum interferencebetween resonant SFWM sources (analogous to [1]), phase-stable frequency-selection, and quantum state tomography. We varied the phase  to obtain the fringes shown in Fig. 1b, with a visibility of 96.8%. This high visibility indicates that the two microring sources are substantially identical. We setup the entangled state via the on-chip 17-dB extinction filters, and used quantum state tomography to analyse it (Fig. 1c). We measured a fidelity of 0.8. This is the first time an entangled state of photonic qubits has been both generated and analysed on-chip, and this generation has been done in a way which is scalable to larger photon number. These results represent a new step towards fully silicon-integrated quantum photonics.