The article is devoted to the actual problem of teaching methods of the subjects of the educational process of modern information and computer science. The contribution of Ukrainian scientists to the development of electronic computing machines, their programming and teaching methods, prospects for further research are briefly considered. In the natural sciences, elementary units are widely used for various measurements. In particular, Planck’s constant is the smallest portion, quantum of energy, quantum of action, which is used in quantum mechanics. It is also known from the course of physics that the smallest portion of energy in classical mechanics is the energy per one degree of freedom. Logically created mathematical models and theories describing the relevant properties of matter using the specified units. Similarly, emphasis is placed on clarifying the difference between a classical computer and quantum units of information. The concepts of bit of information, qubit and trit are revealed, and depending on the defined units of information, types of computers are distinguished: classical and quantum. The concepts of qubit and trit are considered mainly as a mathematical entity, and attention is not focused on the content of the physics of quantum objects, a comparison of the indicated units of quantum information with a traditional bit of information in the quantum world is given. A historical-genetic analysis of the registers of elementary logic systems, a theoretical study of the principles of superposition and interaction between quantum states, and experimental methods of implementing qubits and their connections have been carried out. An important field for the use of quantum computers is cryptology, for solving the problems of which Grover’s method has already been created. With Grover’s quantum algorithm, it is possible to quickly search for the necessary element in an unsorted database with 2nN (n is the length of the search space of the quantum register - the number of qubits in it; N is the size of the search space). However, although the quantum simulator gives a high probability of the correct result, experimental studies also show large discrepancies. Therefore, there is a problem for further research. Quantum computers can influence each other through the phenomenon of entanglement.
The article is devoted to the actual problem of teaching methods of the subjects of the educational process of modern information and computer science. The contribution of Ukrainian scientists to the development of electronic computing machines, their programming and teaching methods, prospects for further research are briefly considered. In the natural sciences, elementary units are widely used for various measurements. In particular, Planck’s constant is the smallest portion, quantum of energy, quantum of action, which is used in quantum mechanics. It is also known from the course of physics that the smallest portion of energy in classical mechanics is the energy per one degree of freedom. Logically created mathematical models and theories describing the relevant properties of matter using the specified units. Similarly, emphasis is placed on clarifying the difference between a classical computer and quantum units of information. The concepts of bit of information, qubit and trit are revealed, and depending on the defined units of information, types of computers are distinguished: classical and quantum. The concepts of qubit and trit are considered mainly as a mathematical entity, and attention is not focused on the content of the physics of quantum objects, a comparison of the indicated units of quantum information with a traditional bit of information in the quantum world is given. A historical-genetic analysis of the registers of elementary logic systems, a theoretical study of the principles of superposition and interaction between quantum states, and experimental methods of implementing qubits and their connections have been carried out. An important field for the use of quantum computers is cryptology, for solving the problems of which Grover’s method has already been created. With Grover’s quantum algorithm, it is possible to quickly search for the necessary element in an unsorted database with 2nN (n is the length of the search space of the quantum register - the number of qubits in it; N is the size of the search space). However, although the quantum simulator gives a high probability of the correct result, experimental studies also show large discrepancies. Therefore, there is a problem for further research. Quantum computers can influence each other through the phenomenon of entanglement.
The article deals with new approaches in studying the features of the structure and principles of functioning of quantum computers, as one of the components of the elemental base of modern computer electronics, due to more efficient layout and supply of the corresponding lecture material using the multimedia presentation system. It is shown that at the present stage of the creation of quantum computers goes in two directions: specialized quantum computers that are aimed at solving one particular specific task, such as optimization tasks (quantum computers D-Wave); and universal quantum computers that are capable of implementing arbitrary quantum algorithms (Shore, Simon, Grover) - in implementing from IBM, Google, etc. The work of quantum registers is analyzed. When processing this material, students show that the ability of devices that are based on the classical principles of computing machines, in recent years reached a level in which most tasks can be solved relatively quickly and quite accurately. However, in various areas of knowledge, there are problems to decide which, including using the best supercomputers of the world, is not possible. After all, modern transistors have already reached a few nanometers, and in the future, electronic semiconductor components cannot be reduced infinitely, because their elements will consist of one atom. The development of classical computers in the form of cloud computing capacities is also limited in the area and consumed energy. In addition, not each algorithm is subject to parallelization. Effective processing of large volumes of data requires high-performance computations in the field of artificial intelligence, science-intensive industrial areas, modeling of chemical and physical phenomena and processes, that is, where it ceases to have the capabilities of modern supercomputers. Solving this problem is possible to apply the latest technologies of quantum computers. It has been shown that the quantum computer is a computing device that uses the phenomenon of quantum superposition (parallelism) and quantum confusion to transmit data and data processing, that is, the basis of its central processor is laid logic of quantum mechanics using special quantum algorithms. Such a computer is fundamentally different from a traditional computer that perceives any information in the form of a binary code, which may be in one of two possible states: 0 or 1. Any classic processor represents these two states of low or high voltage levels inside the semiconductor transistor. Its task to select zero or unit. Quantum processors are made according to the same principle, but a radical cancellation that instead of a transistor, they use kubit (Qubit) – quantum bits.
The urgency of conducting research in the field of quantum informatics is grounded. Promising areas of research are highlighted. For foreign and Russian publications and materials, a review of the main scientific results that characterize the current state of research in quantum computer science is made. It is noted that knowledge and funds are invested most intensively in the development of the architecture of a quantum computer and its elements. Despite the fact that today there is no information on the creation of a physical implementation of a quantum computer comparable in functionality to a classical digital computer, the development of quantum algorithms is one of the popular areas of research. An advantage of quantum algorithms is the fact that they reduce the time required to solve the problem due to the parallelization of operations by generating entangled quantum states and their subsequent use. This advantage (quantum acceleration) is most important when solving the problem of modeling the dynamics of complex systems and enumerated mathematical problems. (The general case of enumeration is the Grover scheme and its variants; the tasks of searching for hidden periods: Shor's scheme of using the fast quantum Fourier transform and its analogues.) The demand for cybersecurity developments (search for vulnerabilities in smart spaces, secure storage and use of big data, quantum cryptography) is noted. More than a dozen articles are devoted to quantum algorithms of key search, key distribution on optical fibers of various lengths, and the analysis of quantum resources necessary for conducting a cyber attack. In the field of artificial quantum intelligence, attention is paid, first of all, to the “search” for a model of a quantum neural network that is optimal from the point of view of using all the advantages presented by quantum computing and neural networks, as well as machine learning algorithms. Examples of the use of quantum computing in cognitive and social sciences for studying the decision-making mechanism with incomplete data are given. It is concluded that quantum informatics is promising for the simulation of complex natural and artificial phenomena and processes.
Basic concepts of quantum theory of information, principles of quantum calculations and the possibility of creation on this basis unique on calculation power and functioning principle device, named quantum computer, are briefly reviewed. The main blocks of quantum logic, schemes of implementation of quantum calculations, as well as some known today effective quantum algorithms, called to realize advantages of quantum calculations upon classical, are concerned. Among them special place is taken by Shor's algorithm of number factorization, Grover's algorithm of unsorted database search and, finally, the most promising in application methods of quantum phenomena simulation, particularly quantum chaos. The most perspective methods of experimental realization of quantum computer, namely nuclear-magnetic resonance and trapped ions realizations, are discussed. Phenomena of decoherence, its influence on quantum computer stability and methods of quantum error correction are described.
Context. Nature is the relation among processes and phenomena. Nothing exists in the universe without relations. Computer is transactions of relations between data with the help of control and execution mechanisms. Quantum relations are a superposition of particles and their states. Superposition and entanglement are equivalent concepts. Entanglement is a non-local superposition of deterministic states. A quantum computer is unconditional transactions of relations between qubit data. Quantum computer is an analog device for parallel solution of combinatorial problems. Practically oriented definitions of the quantum computer concepts are the path to development of scalable quantum parallel algorithms for combinatorial problems solving. Any algorithm can be reduced to a sequence of operations without conditions, because any truth table is a collection of a complete system of conditions-states. Any sequence of actions can always be reduced to one parallel operation. Conditions and sequences arise only when the developer wants to use previously created primitive constructs to build an always non-optimal computing unit. The paradigm of quantum computer creation is determined through the use of photonic transactions on the electrons of an atom may exclude the use of quantum logic. The evolutionary path of a quantum computer from the classical one: “memory-address-transaction” (MAT) → “electron-addresstransaction” → “electron-address-quantaction” (EAQ) → state-superposition-logic. The meeting point of classical and quantum computers is photon transactions on the structure of electrons. Everything that is calculated on a quantum computer can be calculated in parallel on a classical one on account of memory redundancy. The given example is a memory-driven algorithm for modeling digital products based on qubit-vector forms of functionality description for significant performance boost of computing processes by parallel execution of logical operations. Objective. Simulation of the correct SoC-component behavior based on vector representation of the logic. Formation of the triggering development of a computing based on the superposition of the classical, quantum and analog computing process, which in its development should be based on technological qubit, tabular and vector data structures for the parallel solution of combinatorial problems. Method. MAT-computing implements any algorithms on account of transactions (read-write) in memory. Qubit-vector models for describing functionalities, which differ from known truth tables in compactness of description and manufacturability for the implementation of parallel algorithms of the synthesis and analysis of digital devices and SoC-components. Results. 1) The metric of the technological data structures, focused on parallel troubleshooting in digital systems based on the usage of two logical vector operations, was proposed for the first time. 2) The metric of relations between the individual components of QC, allowing organizing a quantum deterministic computer, has been further developed. 3) Quantum architectural solutions, that allow solving coverage problems in a quasi-parallel mode, were proposed for the first time. 4) Architectural solutions based on an analog-to-digital computing, which can be used to solve the problems of the digital systems parallel analysis, have been further developed. 5) Vector-qubit structures of the logic data, that allow a quasi-parallel simulation of digital circuits, were proposed. Conclusions. Qubit models, quantum methods and combinatorial algorithms for technical diagnostics of digital devices have been implemented, which can significantly (up to 25%) reduce the time of test synthesis, deductive modeling of faulty and correct behavior, search for defective states by introducing an innovative idea of using qubit-vector data structures for describing logical components. Comparative assessments of qubit models and methods usage show an increase in the efficiency of algorithms for modeling digital devices compared to tabular ones. The superposition of a classical, quantum and analog computer is integrally represented, which allows to find the best solutions for recognition and decision making.
Quantum computing is a quickly growing research field. This article introduces the basic concepts of quantum computing, recent developments in quantum searching Quantum computers are computing devices that can theoretically have computed power that is many orders of magnitude greater than that of conventional computers. The quantum bit, or qubit, which is the quantum state of electrons in an atom, is the fundamental data unit in a quantum computer. Qubits have the potential to exist in several superposed states at once, making them capable of carrying much more data than do standard two-state bits. The mathematical basis of the proportionality of qubit states is like that of the input weights of neural networks. The technology of quantum computers has made some progress, but much more work needs to be done in terms of research and development before it can be used in everyday life. There are also views that suggest this outcome is impossible. A recent field of study known as quantum computing (QC) combines components of computing, physics, and mathematics. Interest in quantum computing is rising among academics, technologists, and businesspeople. For the past ten years, it has given researchers in the scientific, technological, and industrial disciplines a place to conduct their work. The fundamentals of QC have been developed using notions from quantum physics. The parallel processing functionality in QC has simplified the currently employed algorithms. Numerous optimization-related challenges and issues were solved with the aid of this function. Intelligent computational techniques that were inspired by quantum mechanics have been applied in a variety of fields. A qubit's ability to be in superposition is one of its characteristics that distinguishes it from a conventional bit. Superposition is one of the fundamental principles. Entanglement is another one of quantum physics' counterintuitive occurrences. When each particle's quantum state cannot be characterized separately from the quantum state of the other particle(s), a pair or group of particles are said to be entangled
In the twentieth century, quantum physics is one of the most successful approaches in scientific progress. To theorize the concept of quantum computing Max Planck's idea of the existence of energy in individual units like matter was used. Since then, the idea of manufacturing quantum computers for everyday use is becoming more plausible with technological advances in quantum theory. A classical computer carries out logical operations using a bit which is either 1 or 0. In contrast to a classical computer, a quantum computer works with a quantum bit or qubit, which is not limited to two states only. Qubits can exist in a superposition of the two states creating parallelism. Qubit represents the state of atoms, ions, photons or electrons. These qubits which work together with a control device act as a computer memory.Quantum computers have the potential to become million times more potent than present-day supercomputers due to the presence of these multiple states simultaneously. Concepts and ideas of quantum computing have been demonstrated by different methods like Ion Trap, Quantum Dot methods etc. However, the actual realization of such a superior system is still in the future. A strategy must be formulated to maintain decoherence and other potential sources of error at a permissible level.Astonishingly, quantum computing took a long time to take off, even though the physicists have known about the world of subatomic particles. Even so, it took computer scientists another half-century to consider harnessing quantum effects for computation. Also, it was later discovered that quantum computers could solve quantum mechanical many-body problems that are impractical to solve on a classical computer. The foundations of the subject of quantum computation may have become well-published, but the knowledge is still growing. Hence here is a research paper based on the study of quantum computation.