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IEEE Electron Device Letters

Toward the Measurement of Microwave Electric Field Using Cesium Vapor MEMS Cell

Rui Zhao, Mengyang Feng, Jingtong Zhu, Zhonghao Li, Jian Zheng, Zongmin Ma, Yunbo Shi, Jun Tang, Jun Liu

Published Oct 5, 2023• 16 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this letter, we demonstrate an approach for the measurement of microwave electric field intensity based on Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)– Autler Townes (AT) splitting effect using a cesium vapor MEMS cell. The atomic absorption characteristics at different pump powers were obtained experimentally, which proved the feasibility of fabricated cesium vapor MEMS cell. The dependence of EIT-AT splitting separations on the microwave electric field intensities at 23.887 GHz was investigated at room temperature, and the minimum microwave electric field was measured to be 2 V/m. This approach indicates that the prepared cesium vapor MEMS cell can be qualified for microwave electric field intensity measurement, and has tremendous potential for the development of integrating quantum microwave field intensity meters.

DOI
10.1109/led.2023.3322202

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In this letter, we demonstrate an approach for the measurement of microwave electric field intensity based on Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)– Autler Townes (AT) splitting effect using a cesium vapor MEMS cell. The atomic absorption characteristics at different pump powers were obtained experimentally, which proved the feasibility of fabricated cesium vapor MEMS cell. The dependence of EIT-AT splitting separations on the microwave electric field intensities at 23.887 GHz was investigated at room temperature, and the minimum microwave electric field was measured to be 2 V/m. This approach indicates that the prepared cesium vapor MEMS cell can be qualified for microwave electric field intensity measurement, and has tremendous potential for the development of integrating quantum microwave field intensity meters.
We demonstrate the high-resolution spatial feature measurement of microwave electric field using an cesium atomic vapor cell based on the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) spectrum of133Cs Rydberg atom. The microwave electric field with the frequency of 6.95 GHz couples the transition of 47D5/2→48P3/2 Rydberg states. The EIT spectrum of a 6S1/2-6P3/2-47D5/2 ladder system will split by the Autler-Townes(AT) effect under the microwave electric field. The dependence of AT splitting separation on the microwave electric fields strength is observed. Moreover, we present the imaging of the spatial feature of microwave electric field in the atomic vapor cell. The theoretical maximum spatial resolution is about λMw/430.
Two-dimensional imaging of microwave electric field gradients was performed using a MEMS cesium vapor cell based on Rydberg atoms. The variations in probe laser fluorescence intensity, continuously monitored via high-sensitivity CCD imaging at 24.038 GHz, enabled detailed analysis of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and Autler–Townes (AT) splitting effects. By establishing the quantitative relation between the splitting interval (Δ f ) and the electric field intensity, spatial electric field gradient distributions were accurately measured. The experimental results demonstrated a minimum detectable electric field strength of 1.22 V/m and a spatial resolution of 151.2 µm, with the measurement error in electric field strength maintained below 2%.
The traceability of microwave electric field is measured based on the Rydberg atomic quantum interference effect. The rubidium atomic vapor cell at room temperature is used as the probe, and the Autler-Townes splitting of two-photon electromagnetically-induced transparency, three-photon electromagnetically-induced transparency and three-photon electromagnetically-induced absorption effect are analyzed theoretically. The measurement limit of atomic shot noise is also discussed. This method is not only suitable for the traceability and self-calibration measurement of the microwave electric field but also for the sub-wavelength imaging and vector measurement of the microwave electric field and will provide a reference for further miniaturization and integration of the atomic microwave probe.
In this paper, we develop a cesium vapor MEMS cell with dual-cavity to measure the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) effect. The vapor cell was shaped by a deep-etching silicon wafer and two BF33 glass covers with a two-step anodic bonding process. By using a near-infrared spectroscopy laser with the wavelength of 1455 nm, the cesium dispenser sealed in the vapor cell was dispensed. The Rydberg EIT spectra of the fabricated vapor MEMS cell were characterized experimentally and enhanced effectively by introducing two paths probe laser (852 nm). This proposal provides a sensitive and miniaturized sensing method for the measurement of the EIT effect and has a prospect for the applications of integrated quantum microwave field intensity meter.
Significant progress has been made in atom-based measurements of length, time, gravity and electromagnetic fields in recently years. Rydberg atom-based microwave electric field measurement, using electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in room temperature alkali-metal vapors, has been extensively investigated and aroused the broad interest. This approach may establish a new standard for the measurements of microwave (MW) and radio frequency (RF) electric fields.In this review, we describe the work on a new method of measuring electric fields based on quantum interference by using either cesium or rubidium atoms contained in a dielectric vapor cell. Rydberg atoms with principal quantum number n >>1 have large direct current (DC) polarizabilities and microwave transition dipole moments, thereby making them extremely sensitive to external electric fields. Using the Rydberg three-level EIT to detect the level splitting and shift that is induced by the external field, we can realize a rapid and robust self-calibration method of measuring the electric field in a frequency range from 0.01 GHz to 1000 GHz. For the MW electric field (frequency range > 1 GHz), the MW field causes the Rydberg states to split, known as an Autler-Townes splitting (A-T) effect when the applied microwave can resonate with adjacent Rydberg states. The MW coupled A-T splitting is proportional to the applied electric field strength, from which the field strength is measured. Using the EIT window, a high sensitivity of 3 μV·cm-1·Hz-1/2 and small electric field of 1 μV/cm are expected to be achieved with a modest setup, and the limitations of the sensitivity are also addressed in the review. For the RF field at frequency mj EIT lines, and avoided crossings formed with the fine-structure levels of equal mj and different J's, which is used to calibrate and measure the RF field amplitude. On the other hand, the dependence of the EIT-line strength on the RF field polarization provides a fast and robust polarization measurement of RF fields based on matching experimental data with a theoretical simulation. The measurements of minimum strengths and sensitivity of RF fields based on Rydberg atoms are one order magnitude below the values obtained by traditional antenna methods. The atom-based field measurement paves the way for determining fields through calibration-free, invariable atomic properties and miniaturization. We also propose its various potential applications in the future.
Abstract We theoretically and experimentally studied quantum microwave electrometry in a cold atomic system using Rydberg electromagnetic induction transparency (EIT) and Autler–Townes splitting (EIT-AT splitting). In cold atoms, a spectral linewidth of ∼500 kHz for EIT was achieved owing to a significant reduction in residual Doppler width, i.e. by at least an order of magnitude, compared to that in vapor cells at room temperature. Therefore, the minimum microwave electric field intensity (E MW) that can be measured is 430 µV cm−1, which is one order higher sensitivity in the EIT-AT regime than that in vapor cells at room temperature. Unlike microwave electrometry in atomic vapor cells, EIT-AT splitting cannot be observed if E MW is so large that the EIT-AT splitting interval Δ f m exceeds the absorption peak width of the cold atom while scanning the frequency of the probe laser (ω p ). Moreover, EIT-AT splitting can be observed if Δ f m exceeds the natural linewidth Γ eg of the intermediate states while scanning the coupling laser (ω c ) and maintains a high spectral resolution with a high signal-to-noise ratio. While scanning ω c , the upper microwave electric field intensity is limited by the scanning range of our setup. Using our system, we measure the maximum field to be 21.6 mV cm−1, nearly three times higher than that of 6.8 mV cm−1 while scanning ω p . The results indicate that the linear range of E MW measured using EIT-AT splitting considerably improves in cold Rydberg atoms.