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Scientific Reports

Optical and spin-selective time-of-flight measurement of light-induced desorption of Rb from Fe$$_3$$O$$_4$$ surfaces

K. Asakawa, Naoki Tanabe, 泰三 河内, Katsuyuki Fukutani, A. Hatakeyama

Published Sep 22, 2023• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Light-induced desorption of Rb atoms from a ferrimagnetic Fe[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text](001) surface was studied using a spin-selective optical method, which provides information on the spin polarization, velocity distribution, and amount of the desorbed atoms. The results showed that the intensity of the desorption of Rb from Fe[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text](001) induced by ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation was smaller than the detection limit at coverages lower than the threshold coverage at which the desorption rate began to increase. Moreover, the average magnetic quantum number of the desorbed atoms was smaller than that of electrons at the Fermi level of the Fe[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text](001) surface. These indicate that the light-induced desorption of Rb from an Fe[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text](001) surface occurs only in the high-coverage region in which the desorbing atoms are not in contact with the Fe[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text] surface, and that the desorption does not involve spin transfer.

DOI
10.1038/s41598-023-41937-1

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Optical and spin-selective time-of-flight measurement of light-induced desorption of Rb from Fe3_33​O4_44​ surfaces
Light-induced desorption of Rb atoms from a ferrimagnetic Fe[Formula: see text]OFormula: see text surface was studied using a spin-selective optical method, which provides information on the spin polarization, velocity distribution, and amount of the desorbed atoms. The results showed that the intensity of the desorption of Rb from Fe[Formula: see text]OFormula: see text induced by ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation was smaller than the detection limit at coverages lower than the threshold coverage at which the desorption rate began to increase. Moreover, the average magnetic quantum number of the desorbed atoms was smaller than that of electrons at the Fermi level of the Fe[Formula: see text]OFormula: see text surface. These indicate that the light-induced desorption of Rb from an Fe[Formula: see text]OFormula: see text surface occurs only in the high-coverage region in which the desorbing atoms are not in contact with the Fe[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text] surface, and that the desorption does not involve spin transfer.
We investigated the spin polarization of Rb atoms undergoing light-induced desorption from a spin-polarized Co (110) surface. Desorption of Rb atoms was induced via pulsed UV irradiation of the Rb-adsorbed Co surface. The number of desorbed atoms, their velocity distribution, and their spin polarization were measured via the absorption of circularly polarized light resonant with the desorbed Rb atoms. The results were analyzed in conjunction with density functional theory calculations, indicating that the desorbed Rb atoms were spin polarized. This was explained by a nonthermal desorption mechanism accompanying spin-polarized electron transfer between the Co surface and adsorbed Rb.
We present the first experimental observation of atomic spin randomization of Rb atoms released by light-induced atomic desorption (LIAD). A natural mixture of Rb atoms contained in paraffin and PDMS coated glass cells is irradiated by a free-running diode laser light tuned to the Rb D 2 resonance line. The transmission spectrum of the Rb vapor is thus modified and shows a strong enhancement of the hyperfine optical pumping as the light intensity is increased and the laser-frequency scanning rate is decreased. The D 2 line spectra are compared for two cases: without and with illumination of the walls of the cell by a UV lamp centered around the wavelength of 404 nm. A simple theoretical model based on the solution of the rate balance equations is introduced in order to analyze the experimental results.
We investigated the light-induced desorption (LID) of Rb atoms from quartz substrates to understand better the LID observed in alkali-metal vapor cells used in laser cooling experiments. The substrate was first exposed to Rb under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. The Rb was found to diffuse into the substrate by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Rb atoms were then deposited with a density of $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{15}$ atoms/cm2{}^{2}2 on the surface, from which LID was observed upon irradiation by ultraviolet light. The LID rate depended linearly on the light intensity in the investigated range up to 15 mW/cm2{}^{2}2. A typical value was 1010{10}^{10}1010 atoms/(s cm2{}^{2}2) per mW/cm2{}^{2}2 at a photon energy of 4.3 eV (290 nm in wavelength). We found that the LID rate increased with photon energy in the range 1.8--4.3 eV (700--290 nm in wavelength).
We demonstrate loading of a Li magneto-optical trap using light-induced atomic desorption. The magneto-optical trap confines up to approximately $4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{4}$ 7Li^{7}\mathrm{Li}7Li atoms with loading rates up to approximately $4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{3}$ atoms per second. We study the Li desorption rate as a function of the desorption wavelength and power. The extracted wavelength threshold for desorption of Li from fused silica is approximately 470 nm. In addition to desorption of lithium, we observe light-induced desorption of background gas molecules. The vacuum pressure increase due to the desorbed background molecules is $\ensuremath{\lesssim}50\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}%$, and the vacuum pressure decreases back to its base value with characteristic timescales on the order of seconds when we extinguish the desorption light. By examining both the loading and decay curves of the magneto-optical trap, we are able to disentangle the trap decay rates due to background gases and desorbed lithium. Our results show that light-induced atomic desorption can be a viable Li vapor source for compact devices and sensors.
Observation of nonthermal, light-induced desorption of Cs and Rb atoms from paraffin coating is reported. Buffer-gas-free paraffin-coated cells containing Cs and Rb were exposed to laser light of various intensities and frequencies, and the change of the vapor densities as a function of time was investigated. Because atomic polarization relaxes very slowly in paraffin-coated cells (spin-relaxation times can be $\ensuremath{\gtrsim}1\mathrm{s}),$ they are applied in a variety of precision measurements (e.g., magnetometry, discrete symmetry tests, etc.). Light-induced desorption may be useful in such measurements as a method to control atomic density without changing the temperature of the cell.
The dynamics of Light-Induced Atomic Desorption (LIAD) in 6 cells with different coatings (PDMS coated cells prepared with two different concentrations of PDMS in ether, SC-77, PCHS, DCDMS, OTS) is investigated. The rates of desorption and adsorption of the Rb atoms when the illuminating light is switched ON and OFF and their dependence on the illuminating blue-light power are measured. The influence of the homogeneity of illumination for increasing the desorption and adsorption rates is evaluated. The results are interesting for the better understanding of LIAD and its dynamics and for the development of new optoelectronic elements, LIAD-loaded atomic devices and their miniaturization, and new methods for surface and coating diagnostics.