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Advances in computer and electrical engineering book series

Spintronics System

Shivakumar Hunagund

Published Sep 12, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Spintronic systems, which involve manipulating the spin of electrons, have potential for use in quantum computing due to their unique properties. These systems can create spin-based qubits that are more stable and less prone to decoherence than other types, and can also be used to control interactions between qubits. They can also utilize spin-based quantum gates that can perform specific operations faster and more efficiently. Spintronic systems hold promise for the development of powerful and efficient quantum computers.

DOI
10.4018/978-1-6684-7535-5.ch003

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Spintronic systems, which involve manipulating the spin of electrons, have potential for use in quantum computing due to their unique properties. These systems can create spin-based qubits that are more stable and less prone to decoherence than other types, and can also be used to control interactions between qubits. They can also utilize spin-based quantum gates that can perform specific operations faster and more efficiently. Spintronic systems hold promise for the development of powerful and efficient quantum computers.
Numerous physical systems have been proposed for constructing quantum computers, but formidable obstacles stand in the way of making even modest systems with a few hundred quantum bits (qubits). Several approaches utilize the spin of an electron as the qubit. Here it is suggested that the spin of electrons floating on the surface of liquid helium will make excellent qubits. These electrons can be electrostatically held and manipulated much like electrons in semiconductor heterostructures, but being in a vacuum the spins on helium suffer much less decoherence. In particular, the spin-orbit interaction is reduced so that moving the qubits with voltages applied to gates has little effect on their coherence. Remaining sources of decoherence are considered, and it is found that coherence times for electron spins on helium can be expected to exceed 100s100\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{s}100s. It is shown how to obtain a controlled-NOT operation between two qubits using the magnetic dipole-dipole interaction.
This paper investigates the development of a quantum computation model based on spin systems. The core principle leverages the quantum mechanical properties of spins – specifically, their ability to exist in superposition and entanglement – to perform computations. We propose a novel architecture utilizing coupled spins as qubits, exploring methods for controlled manipulation and measurement. The model is presented with a detailed mathematical formulation, including qubit representation, gate operations, and measurement probabilities. We analyze the potential advantages and challenges associated with this approach, emphasizing the need for robust control and error correction techniques. The research contributes to the broader exploration of alternative quantum computing paradigms beyond traditional superconducting and trapped ion technologies. The key mathematical elements are presented here, including qubit states, gate operations, and probability calculations, forming the basis of the proposed quantum computation model. ---
Control over electron-spin states, such as coherent manipulation, filtering and measurement promises access to new technologies in conventional as well as in quantum computation and quantum communication. We review our proposal of using electron spins in quantum confined structures as qubits and discuss the requirements for implementing a quantum computer. We describe several realizations of one- and two-qubit gates and of the read-in and read-out tasks. We discuss recently proposed schemes for using a single quantum dot as spin-filter and spin-memory device. Considering electronic EPR pairs needed for quantum communication we show that their spin entanglement can be detected in mesoscopic transport measurements using metallic as well as superconducting leads attached to the dots.
A constructive scheme has been devised to enable mapping of any quantum computation into a spintronic circuit in which the computation is encoded in a basis that is, in principle, immune to quantum decoherence. The scheme is implemented by an algorithm that utilizes multiple physical spins to encode each logical bit in such a way that collective errors affecting all the physical spins do not disturb the logical bit. The scheme is expected to be of use to experimenters working on spintronic implementations of quantum logic. Spintronic computing devices use quantum-mechanical spins (typically, electron spins) to encode logical bits. Bits thus encoded (denoted qubits) are potentially susceptible to errors caused by noise and decoherence. The traditional model of quantum computation is based partly on the assumption that each qubit is implemented by use of a single two-state quantum system, such as an electron or other spin-1.2 particle. It can be surprisingly difficult to achieve certain gate operations . most notably, those of arbitrary 1-qubit gates . in spintronic hardware according to this model. However, ironically, certain 2-qubit interactions (in particular, spin-spin exchange interactions) can be achieved relatively easily in spintronic hardware. Therefore, it would be fortunate if it were possible to implement any 1-qubit gate by use of a spin-spin exchange interaction. While such a direct representation is not possible, it is possible to achieve an arbitrary 1-qubit gate indirectly by means of a sequence of four spin-spin exchange interactions, which could be implemented by use of four exchange gates. Accordingly, the present scheme provides for mapping any 1-qubit gate in the logical basis into an equivalent sequence of at most four spin-spin exchange interactions in the physical (encoded) basis. The complexity of the mathematical derivation of the scheme from basic quantum principles precludes a description within this article; it must suffice to report that the derivation provides explicit constructions for finding the exchange couplings in the physical basis needed to implement any arbitrary 1-qubit gate. These constructions lead to spintronic encodings of quantum logic that are more efficient than those of a previously published scheme that utilizes a universal but fixed set of gates.
Due to its localized nature and controllability, the negatively charged boron vacancy centers (VB−_\text{B}^-B−​) in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) are a promising spin platform for accessing its neighboring nuclei with potential for performing quantum computational tasks. However, the methods of utilizing and manipulating the nuclear spins are still lacking. In this work, we propose a protocol for the preparation of single- and multi-qubit gates on the nuclear spins, utilizing the electron spin as an auxiliary qubit. By applying a background magnetic field and a multi-tone continuous drive, we show that the electron spin coupling to the nuclei can be efficiently engineered. This allows for suppressing the undesired electron-nuclear interactions through the Hahn echo pulse sequence. The target gates are then implemented by employing proper RF drives. Our numerical results for realistic parameters show gate fidelities as high as 99%99\%99% for single-qubit and 95%95\%95% for multi-qubit gates. With the gate execution durations being less than 300300300 ns, our protocol evades electron spin decoherence effects. Therefore, our scheme sets the stage for the practical application of VB−_\text{B}^-B−​ in hBN for quantum computation purposes.
Quantum computers perform computations based on the principles of quantum mechanics, which enables faster speed and higher security than classical computers; they also have the ability to process a large amount of information via parallel processing. Some important concepts regarding quantum computers are qubits, quantum registers, quantum logic, quantum networks, quantum reversibility, quantum teleportation, quantum data compression, quantum cryptography, universal quantum computing, and quantum algorithms. Quantum computers rely on the basic quantum principles of superposition and entanglement. The time evolution of an arbitrary quantum state is computational ly more powerful than that of a digital logic state. Theoretical quantum computing based on the rotation of the qubits has proven that it is possible for quantum devices to address complex computing problems.