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Method of Everything vs. Experimenter Bias of Loophole-Free Bell Experiments

Manuel S. Morales

Published Sep 8, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Experimenter bias compromises the integrity and advancement of science especially when awarded as such. For example, the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics awarded the loophole-free experiments that tested physicist John S. Bell’s inequality theorem. These experiments employed the logic of conducting local experiments to obtain local evidence to contradict local realistic theories of nature in order to validate quantum mechanics as a fundamental nonlocal theory. Be that as it may, there was one loophole that was wittingly not tested by the Nobel laureates. The notable exception was Bell’s “super-deterministic” loophole which was validated (2000) (2001) (2002) (2003) (2004) (2005) (2006) (2007) (2008) (2009) (2010) (2011) (2012) nonlocally thus compromising the subsequent Nobel Prize. More importantly, the discovery of two mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive nonlocal hidden variables revealed why local scientific methods obtain false-positive and false-negative results. With knowledge of this fundamental omission, the inclusion of the nonlocal hidden variables in the local methods used in science can then advance it to be a complete study of nature.

DOI
10.31219/osf.io/he8ry

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The Method of Everything vs. Experimenter Bias of Loophole-Free Bell Experiments

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Experimenter bias compromises the integrity and advancement of science, especially when awarded as such. For example, the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics awarded for the loophole-free experiments that tested physicist John S. Bell's inequality theorem. These experiments employed the logic of conducting local experiments to obtain local evidence that contradicted local realistic theories of nature, thereby validating quantum mechanics as a fundamental non-local theory. However, there was one loophole that was wittingly not tested by the Nobel laureates. The notable exception was Bell's "super-deterministic" loophole, which was validated (2000) (2001) (2002) (2003) (2004) (2005) (2006) (2007) (2008) (2009) (2010) (2011) (2012) non-locally, thus compromising the subsequent Nobel Prize. More importantly, the discovery of two mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive non-local hidden variables revealed why local scientific methods obtain false-positive and false-negative results. With knowledge of this fundamental omission, the inclusion of the non-local hidden variables in the local methods used in science can then advance it to be a complete study of nature.

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Experimenter bias compromises the integrity and advancement of science especially when awarded as such. For example, the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics awarded the loophole-free experiments that tested physicist John S. Bell’s inequality theorem. These experiments employed the logic of conducting local experiments to obtain local evidence to contradict local realistic theories of nature in order to validate quantum mechanics as a fundamental nonlocal theory. Be that as it may, there was one loophole that was wittingly not tested by the Nobel laureates. The notable exception was Bell’s “super-deterministic” loophole which was validated (2000) (2001) (2002) (2003) (2004) (2005) (2006) (2007) (2008) (2009) (2010) (2011) (2012) nonlocally thus compromising the subsequent Nobel Prize. More importantly, the discovery of two mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive nonlocal hidden variables revealed why local scientific methods obtain false-positive and false-negative results. With knowledge of this fundamental omission, the inclusion of the nonlocal hidden variables in the local methods used in science can then advance it to be a complete study of nature.
Experimenter bias compromises the integrity and advancement of science, especially when awarded as such. For example, the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics awarded for the loophole-free experiments that tested physicist John S. Bell's inequality theorem. These experiments employed the logic of conducting local experiments to obtain local evidence that contradicted local realistic theories of nature, thereby validating quantum mechanics as a fundamental non-local theory. However, there was one loophole that was wittingly not tested by the Nobel laureates. The notable exception was Bell's "super-deterministic" loophole, which was validated (2000) (2001) (2002) (2003) (2004) (2005) (2006) (2007) (2008) (2009) (2010) (2011) (2012) non-locally, thus compromising the subsequent Nobel Prize. More importantly, the discovery of two mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive non-local hidden variables revealed why local scientific methods obtain false-positive and false-negative results. With knowledge of this fundamental omission, the inclusion of the non-local hidden variables in the local methods used in science can then advance it to be a complete study of nature.
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2022 was awarded to three experiment physicists: Alain Aspect, John F. Clauser and Anton Zeilinger, for their contributions to “experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science”. In this paper, the history, basics, and applications related with the Bell inequalities are reviewed. The discussion of fundamental issues on quantum mechanics dated back to the year 1927 when the fifth Solvay conference was held, highlighting intense arguments between Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr. At the time, Einstein expressed, publicly for the first time, his critical attitude towards quantum mechanics. While the arguments did not reach a decisive conclusion, Bohr’s probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics, the Copenhagen interpretation, had since been well circulated among the community. Einstein’s arguments with Bohr lasted many years after the conference. The arguably most famous one was the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox, proposed in a 1935 paper written by the three authors. They stated, by flawless reasoning, that quantum mechanics is ‘incomplete’. Bohr replied immediately. So did Erwin Schrödinger, who, in particular, coined the term ‘entangled’ for the first time to describe the bizarre quantum mechanical property. Nevertheless, the EPR paper received few citations at its publication, until 1990’s when quantum information science started blossoming. From today’s perspective, the paper resembles the ‘sleeping beauty’ who slumbered for decades before fully awakening. It has been widely accepted that it was John S. Bell who eventually resolved the EPR paradox. But many important figures before him should not go unnoticed, including John A. Wheeler, Chien-Shiung Wu, David Bohm, to name a few. In 1964, Bell wrote down a mathematical inequality which satisfies local hidden variable theory but which can be violated in quantum mechanics. The significance is that Bell’s inequality brings the rather philosophic debates on the EPR paradox down to be experimentally testable. Hence, an experiment is here appealing, as is the case in all fields of physics. To the end, John F. Clauser, alongside Stuart J. Freedman, conducted an experiment in 1972 to test a Bell inequality, the Bell-Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality, proposed by him and his collaborators in 1969. The results, however, leaves loopholes open. One of the loopholes was closed in a later experiment led by Alain Aspect in 1982. The Bell-CHSH inequality was later tested under a much stricter condition by Anton Zeilinger’s team. Two most important loopholes were both closed by three teams in 2015 independently. Zeilinger’s team was among them. Almost all experiments to date have confirmed quantum mechanical predictions. Zeilinger’s team also performed the first teleportation of unknown quantum states, the first entanglement swapping, along with other contributions pioneering the quantum information science. In retrospect, the foundational study of quantum theory has been developed over a century. It once drew much of quantum physics founders’ attention, went virtually unnoticed while other physical fields advanced, had for quite a while been considered to have very weak relationship with major physics, and finally revived in recent decades leading to rapid progress in quantum information science and quantum technology. We believe that the Nobel Prize in Physics this year is not only an award and recognition to past achievements, but also heralds a new era of science in future.
Bell's inequalities(1964) provides a quantitative criterion to test the local hidden variable theory(LHVT) versus quantum mechanics(QM).For the first time,it leads to the possibility to experimentally distinguish LHVT and QM.So far,there have been tens of experiments ever since the first experiment by Clauser et al(1972).An overwhelming majority of these experiments are in good agreement with the predictions of QM yet violate those of LHVT.Some loopholes in these experiments are discussed in Section I,followed by a respective summary to 12 experiments between 1972 to 1982 and 31 experiments from 1985 and on in Sections II and III.It is finally pointed out that so far there is not a single experiment to close both the locality loophole and the detection loophole at the same time,but the experimental outcomes are irreversible.Accordingly,theoretical physicists must admit that the present physics foundation is broken,i.e.quantum mechanics is contradiction with special relativity.
Explaining observations in terms of cause-and-effect (causal) relations is central to empirical science. However, in his seminal 1964 work [1], John Bell showed that the correlations between entangled quantum systems cannot be explained in terms of, possibly hidden, cause and effect relations. After four decades of experimental effort, Bell's prediction has recently been confirmed in an unambiguous way by a series of loophole-free Bell-test experiments [2-4]. These experiments, however, cannot reveal where exactly quantum mechanics breaks with our classical notion of cause and effect. Specifically, Bell's theorem is based on the central assumptions of realism and local causality. Realism posits that physical systems have real, objective properties, independent of whether we observe them or not, and local causality assumes that causal influences cannot propagate faster than the speed of light.
Loophole-free violations of Bell inequalities imply that at least one of the assumptions behind local hidden-variable theories must fail. Here, we show that, if only one fails, then it has to fail completely, therefore excluding models that partially constrain freedom of choice or allow for partial retrocausal influences, or allow partial instantaneous actions at a distance. Specifically, we show that (i) any hidden-variable theory with outcome independence (OI) and arbitrary joint relaxation of measurement independence (MI) and parameter independence (PI) can be experimentally excluded in a Bell-like experiment with many settings on high-dimensional entangled states, and (ii) any hidden-variable theory with MI, PI and arbitrary relaxation of OI can be excluded in a Bell-like experiment with many settings on qubit-qubit entangled states. Loophole-free violations of Bell inequalities imply that at least one of the assumptions formalising local hidden-variable theories must fail. Here, the authors show that, if only one is false, then it has to fail completely, therefore excluding models that allow partial instantaneous actions at a distance, partially constrain freedom of choice or allow for partial retrocausal influences.