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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

Experimental Classification of Samples with Few Coincidence Measurements Using Polarization-Entangled Photon Pairs

Vira R. Besaga, Luosha Zhang, Andres Vega, Purujit Singh Chauhan, Thomas Pertsch, Andrey A. Sukhorukov, Frank Setzpfandt

Published Jun 26, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Probing the polarization response of an object with the well-acknowledged technique of optical polarimetry enables determination of the specimen's inner properties. Prominent examples include the measurement of the chirality of proteins and molecules [1] or the induced anisotropy of disease-affected cells and tissues [2]. Aiming for better signal-to-noise ratio, lower photon flux of the probing beam and non-local diagnostics, polarimetric approaches employing the quantum nature of light and entanglement are currently rapidly developing [3]–[6]. In the present work we study the experimental feasibility of the non-local identification of different polarizing samples by performing only few coincidence measurements [6] without necessity for full density matrix reconstruction of the quantum state.

DOI
10.1109/cleo/europe-eqec57999.2023.10231546

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Probing the polarization response of an object with the well-acknowledged technique of optical polarimetry enables determination of the specimen's inner properties. Prominent examples include the measurement of the chirality of proteins and molecules [1] or the induced anisotropy of disease-affected cells and tissues [2]. Aiming for better signal-to-noise ratio, lower photon flux of the probing beam and non-local diagnostics, polarimetric approaches employing the quantum nature of light and entanglement are currently rapidly developing [3]–[6]. In the present work we study the experimental feasibility of the non-local identification of different polarizing samples by performing only few coincidence measurements [6] without necessity for full density matrix reconstruction of the quantum state.
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We present a method to determine the Mueller matrix of a sample using polarization-entangled photon pairs. One of the photons of a pair goes through a sample and is then subject to a polarization projection measurement. The other photon, which does not go through the sample, is also subject to a polarization projection. The measured quantum correlations are equivalent to polarimetry measurements, where the initial state of the photon going through the sample is determined by the polarization projection on the entangled partner that does not go through the sample. The correspondence with the classical system is acausal because quantum measurements apply to distinct Hilbert spaces. We tested this method with standard optical elements finding excellent agreement with the expectations. Thus it can be used as an alternative to classical Mueller polarimetry for conditions that would be challenging to do otherwise.
Quantum correlations are non-classical features of quantum systems that can be harnessed in new technologies. Nonlocality, a unique byproduct of the entanglement of more than one particle, can alter the causal sequence that is present in a classical measurement. In this work, we investigate a nonlocal form of Mueller polarimetry. In the classical method, light prepared in an initial state passes through a sample whose polarization properties are unknown, and the light's modified polarization state is subsequently measured. From a series of measurements, the Mueller matrix is obtained, which contains the polarization properties of the sample. In the nonclassical version of the technique presented here, the initial and final parts of this measurement were split into polarization projections on two polarization-entangled photons, but linked through quantum correlations in the post-selection process. We found the results with samples of known and unknown Mueller matrix using this approach to be equivalent to the classical ones. The nonlocal feature of the measurement can invert the causal order of preparation and measurement in the classical method. We present a study of its limitations when the entangled state of the photons is not the ideal one. From this work, we conclude that the technique is very resilient to imperfections in the quantum state of the photons, making it a feasible alternative to the classical method.
Conventional polarimetry, including schemes leveraging entangled light, characterizes optical samples through linear transformations of polarization states. We introduce a two-photon probing approach in which both photons of an entangled pair interact with the same depolarizing medium simultaneously. In this regime, the transformation of the two-photon polarization correlations becomes quadratic in the Mueller matrix, enabling access to second-order polarization information beyond conventional polarimetry. We develop a theoretical framework linking the Mueller matrix to the evolution of the two-photon polarization correlation tensor and show that depolarization induces quadratic degradation of entanglement and state purity. Experiments using polarization-entangled photon pairs transmitted through controlled scattering media confirm the predicted response and reveal enhanced sensitivity to polarization scrambling compared with single-photon probing. These results establish two-photon probing as a higher-order quantum polarimetric modality for characterizing polarization channels.