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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

Universal Photonic Quantum Gate by Cooper-pair-based Optical Nonlinearity

Shlomi Bouscher, Alex Hayat

Published Jun 26, 2023• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum information processing (QIP) can provide exponential speedup of various computational algorithms physically proven data security. Many realizations of QIP employ photons as qubits in applications such as cryptography [1], computing [2], [3], and teleportation [4]. Despite their many uses, implementing photon-based quantum gates is extremely challenging due to the very weak photon-photon interaction in practical materials [5]. Lately, a field of superconducting optoelectronics emerged, investigating light-matter interaction in semiconductor-superconductor structures [6], [7]. Such interactions were shown to result in novel processes based on strongly-enhanced optical nonlinearities, including spontaneous two-photon emission [8] and two-photon gain [9], enabling various aspects of QIP such as full Bell state analysis [10] and entangled-photon generation [11]. Nevertheless, a complete infrastructure for superconductor-based photonic quantum information processing requires quantum gate schemes, which have not been studied so far.

DOI
10.1109/cleo/europe-eqec57999.2023.10232321

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Quantum information processing (QIP) can provide exponential speedup of various computational algorithms physically proven data security. Many realizations of QIP employ photons as qubits in applications such as cryptography [1], computing [2], [3], and teleportation [4]. Despite their many uses, implementing photon-based quantum gates is extremely challenging due to the very weak photon-photon interaction in practical materials [5]. Lately, a field of superconducting optoelectronics emerged, investigating light-matter interaction in semiconductor-superconductor structures [6], [7]. Such interactions were shown to result in novel processes based on strongly-enhanced optical nonlinearities, including spontaneous two-photon emission [8] and two-photon gain [9], enabling various aspects of QIP such as full Bell state analysis [10] and entangled-photon generation [11]. Nevertheless, a complete infrastructure for superconductor-based photonic quantum information processing requires quantum gate schemes, which have not been studied so far.
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We study a new effect of Cooper-pair-based two-photon gain in semiconductor-superconductor structures, showing broadband enhancement of ultrafast two-photon amplification. We further show that with the superconducting enhancement, at moderately high seed intensities, the two-photon gain contribution approaches that of the one-photon gain. A full quantum-optical model of singly- and fully-stimulated two-photon emission is developed. Our results provide new insights on nonlinear light–matter interaction in the superconducting state, including the possibility of coherent control in two-photon semiconductor-superconductor devices. The theoretically-demonstrated effects can have important implications in optoelectronics and in coherent-control applications.
In this chapter, we present a proposal for the realization of an entangling gate for photons. The protocol works deterministically and is experimentally feasible under realistic conditions. We start outlining the general problem of quantum information processing with photons and describe the current status in this field. Then we introduce the proposed scheme and present its main features. This part is followed by a review of the concepts and procedures employed in our proposal. Finally, we explain the quantum gate, in detail, in the last section of this chapter, where we also briefly discuss the performance of the gate in the presence of imperfections. 26.1.1 Quantum information processing with light Photons play a key role in applications of quantum information because they are ideally suited to transmit quantum states between distant sites. This feature makes them indispensable for the realization of quantum communication protocols and the construction of quantum networks. While being a good flying carrier of information, photons are naturally less adequate for storage than the long-lived matter degrees of freedom. For this reason, matter systems are employed as quantum memories. In order to combine both elements in a quantum network (i.e., photons as flying qubits and atoms as memory devices), light-matter interface schemes have been developed to transfer quantum states of light onto an atomic system. Some of these schemes are based on quantum-nondemolition interactions, electromagnetically induced transparency, and Raman processes. Moreover, Raman processes have been used to entangle two distant atomic ensembles, which is an important step to realize quantum repeaters and, thus to solve the problem of losses and decoherence that exists in a photonic channel. Apart from the transmission and storage of information, in a quantum network it is necessary to process quantum states. However, manipulation of quantum states of light is still challenging, since it requires the ability to create entanglement between photons. This task is difficult because photons are noninteracting particles, in principle. One possibility to entangle photons is to employ materials that possess optical nonlinearities, but so far, there are no materials available whose nonlinearities are strong enough to allow for short gate times. An alternative approach was put forward by Knill et al., which requires only linear optical operations and measurements. However, this scheme is probabilistic and not very efficient in practice. In this chapter, we present a scheme for the realization of a deterministic entangling gate for photons by using an atom lattice. An atom lattice consists of an ensemble of cold atoms loaded in the periodic optical potential created by a standing wave. In order to use the lattice as a quantum register for quantum computation, it is necessary to prepare it in a Mott insulating phase, in which the number of atoms in each site of the potential (i.e., in each of its minima) is approximately constant, and set equal to 1.
Modern quantum nanophotonics is revealed as the unique synergy between the quantum world and nanophotonics providing us with novel ways of controlling the quantum states of light, and enabling novel routes towards the realisation of future generation’s quantum information processing (QIP) systems. Focusing on the quantum photon-matter interaction, nano-confined light, nano-optical quantum interference and the control of linear and nonlinear quantum phenomena at the nanoscale in terms of the quantum superposition and entanglement, we provide a fundamental description of nano-photonic quantum systems. In particular, deep discussions on the outstanding characteristics of nano-structured photonic circuits are essential to understand the strong light-matter coupling, capable of boosting the coherence times and the processing efficiency of qubits, i.e., the basic building blocks of quantum computing. Furthermore, a progressive approach dealing with the QIP functionalities within concepts of quantum communication networks and powerful quantum computational architectures is provided, motivating an empirical hunt for efficient QIP approaches. Positive perspectives are given on the potential implications of modern quantum nanophotonics to the theoretical frameworks of the field.
Compared with other physical platforms for Quantum Information Processing (QIP), photons have the unique advantages of travelling over free-space links or optical fiber with relatively low decoherence and of propagating with minimal coupling to the environment, while also being easily coupled to existing telecommunications technology. The R&D of various single photon and entangled photon generation technologies and the linear-optical implementations of quantum computation and communication are now surveyed and analyzed in a structured manner. We discuss photonic qubit degrees of freedom (polarization, time-bin, path, frequency and Orbital angular momentum), determine sources such as deterministic quantum-dot based sources and probabilistic sources based on spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC), and review architectures for Linear Optical Quantum Computation (LOQC), such as the Knill–Laflamme–Milburn (KLM) protocol and measurement-based quantum computation. Building on the density-matrix treatment of biexciton–exciton coherent dynamics in semiconductor quantum dots, we recapitulate the development of two-pulse coherent control schemes for generation and readout of photonic qubits in these systems and how they have been stretched towards optical control of logic gates. A comparative performance framework is established along the lines of source brightness, entanglement fidelity, photon indistinguishability, channel loss and scalability, which is illustrated by simulated performance plots and tabulated against literature numbers. Remaining hurdles in the field regarding issues of photon loss, scalable multiplexing, deterministic two-qubit interaction, and its integration with a quantum memory are highlighted and a perspective is provided on hybrid photonic–matter architectures for fault-tolerant quantum networks.