Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

Higher-Dimensional Hong-Ou-Mandel Effect with Linear-Optical Grover Multiports

Alexander V. Sergienko, David S. Simon, Shuto Osawa, Christopher R. Schwarze

Published Jun 26, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We expand traditional two-photon Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) effect onto a higher-dimensional set of spatial modes and introduce a quantum network switch providing controllable redistribution of entangled states over four modes using directionally unbiased linear-optical Grover four-ports.
DOI
10.1109/cleo/europe-eqec57999.2023.10231743

Related papers

Higher-dimensional Hong-Ou-Mandel effect and state redistribution with linear-optical multiports

Shuto Osawa, David S. Simon, Alexander V. Sergienko

We expand the two-photon Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) effect onto a higher-dimensional set of spatial modes and introduce an effect that allows controllable redistribution of quantum states over these modes using directionally unbiased linear-optical four-ports without post-selection. The original HOM effect only allows photon pairs to exit in two directions in space. But when accompanied by beam splitters and phase shifters, the result is a directionally controllable two-photon HOM effect in four spatial modes, with direction controlled by changing the phases in the system. This controllable quantum amplitude manipulation also allows demonstration of a ``delayed'' HOM effect by exploiting phase shifters in a system of two connected multiport devices. By this means, both spatial and temporal control of the propagation of the two-photon superposition state through a network can be achieved.

arXiv:2012.08745•Physical Review A•Dec 15, 2020•12 citations

The non-local Hong-Ou-Mandel effect

Yuki Kodama, Jonte R. Hance, Holger F. Hofmann

Two-photon interference effects arise because photons are indistinguishable particles. In the wellknown Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) effect, the transmission of two photons at a beam splitter interferes destructively with the reflection of both photons, requiring both photons to "bunch up" by leaving the beam splitter on the same side. Here, we show that the interference between locally propagating photons and photons exchanged by a mode swap can be implemented by post-selecting spatially separated photon outputs of a four-path interferometer. Even though the photons detected at spatially separated locations must have travelled along paths that never met up at the same beam splitter, the Hong-Ou-Mandel effect can be observed in correlations between the output ports that originate from the association of detection events with non-local output modes defined by the two single photon inputs. Local phase shifts can be used to map out non-classical correlations between the photons detected at different output locations, clarifying the role of linear optics in generating entanglement between spatially separated photons. Our work thus establishes a fundamental relation between multiphoton interference and entanglement, opening the door to new possibilities in optical quantum technologies.

quant-pharXiv:2604.10886•Apr 14, 2026•0 citations

Higher-dimensional HOM effect with directionally unbiased linear-optical multiports enables entangled state routing in quantum networks

Christopher R. Schwarze, David S. Simon, Anthony D. Manni +2 more

A four-port beamsplitter only maps between two input and output modes. We introduce a more general four-port scatterer that supports a broader class of state transformations, enabling a higher-dimensional HOM effect and entangled state routing.

Quantum 2.0 Conference and Exhibition•Jan 1, 2024•0 citations

Interferometry and higher-dimensional phase measurements using directionally unbiased linear optics

David S. Simon, Christopher R. Schwarze, Alexander V. Sergienko

Grover multiports are higher-dimensional generalizations of beam splitters, in which input to any one of the four ports has equal probability of exiting at any of the same four ports, including the input port. In this paper, we demonstrate that interferometers built from such multiports have novel features. For example, when combined with two-photon input and coincidence measurements, it is shown that such interferometers have capabilities beyond those of standard beam-splitter-based interferometers, such as easily controlled interpolation between Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) and anti-HOM behavior. Further, it is shown that the Grover-based analog of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer can make three separate phase measurements simultaneously. By arranging the transmission lines between the two multiports to lie in different planes, the same interferometer acts as a higher-dimensional Sagnac interferometer, allowing rotation rates about three different axes to be measured with a single device.

arXiv:2209.09414•Physical Review A•Sep 15, 2022•11 citations

Tutorial: Hong–Ou–Mandel interference with structured photons

Tareq Jaouni, Xuemei Gu, Mario Krenn +2 more

The Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) effect, an effective two-photon interference phenomenon, is a cornerstone of quantum optics and a key tool for linear optical quantum information processing. While the HOM effect has been extensively studied both theoretically and experimentally for various photonic quantum states, particularly in the spectral domain, detailed overviews of its behaviour for structured photons - those with complex spatial profiles - under arbitrary spatial mode measurement schemes are still lacking. This tutorial aims to fill this gap by providing a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the HOM effect for structured photons, including an arbitrary mode projection on quantum interference outcomes. The tutorial also provides analytical, closed-form expressions of the HOM visibility under different measurement conditions.

arXiv:2501.14961•Nanophotonics•May 26, 2025•3 citations

Higher-dimensional HOM effect and quantum state routing with directionally-unbiased linear-optical devices

Christopher R. Schwarze, David S. Simon, Shuto Osawa +1 more

A four-port beam-splitter only maps between two input and output modes. We introduce a more general four-port scatterer that supports a broader class of state transformations, enabling a higher-dimensional HOM effect and quantum state routing.

•Jan 1, 2024•0 citations
We expand the two-photon Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) effect onto a higher-dimensional set of spatial modes and introduce an effect that allows controllable redistribution of quantum states over these modes using directionally unbiased linear-optical four-ports without post-selection. The original HOM effect only allows photon pairs to exit in two directions in space. But when accompanied by beam splitters and phase shifters, the result is a directionally controllable two-photon HOM effect in four spatial modes, with direction controlled by changing the phases in the system. This controllable quantum amplitude manipulation also allows demonstration of a ``delayed'' HOM effect by exploiting phase shifters in a system of two connected multiport devices. By this means, both spatial and temporal control of the propagation of the two-photon superposition state through a network can be achieved.
Two-photon interference effects arise because photons are indistinguishable particles. In the wellknown Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) effect, the transmission of two photons at a beam splitter interferes destructively with the reflection of both photons, requiring both photons to "bunch up" by leaving the beam splitter on the same side. Here, we show that the interference between locally propagating photons and photons exchanged by a mode swap can be implemented by post-selecting spatially separated photon outputs of a four-path interferometer. Even though the photons detected at spatially separated locations must have travelled along paths that never met up at the same beam splitter, the Hong-Ou-Mandel effect can be observed in correlations between the output ports that originate from the association of detection events with non-local output modes defined by the two single photon inputs. Local phase shifts can be used to map out non-classical correlations between the photons detected at different output locations, clarifying the role of linear optics in generating entanglement between spatially separated photons. Our work thus establishes a fundamental relation between multiphoton interference and entanglement, opening the door to new possibilities in optical quantum technologies.
Grover multiports are higher-dimensional generalizations of beam splitters, in which input to any one of the four ports has equal probability of exiting at any of the same four ports, including the input port. In this paper, we demonstrate that interferometers built from such multiports have novel features. For example, when combined with two-photon input and coincidence measurements, it is shown that such interferometers have capabilities beyond those of standard beam-splitter-based interferometers, such as easily controlled interpolation between Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) and anti-HOM behavior. Further, it is shown that the Grover-based analog of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer can make three separate phase measurements simultaneously. By arranging the transmission lines between the two multiports to lie in different planes, the same interferometer acts as a higher-dimensional Sagnac interferometer, allowing rotation rates about three different axes to be measured with a single device.
The Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) effect, an effective two-photon interference phenomenon, is a cornerstone of quantum optics and a key tool for linear optical quantum information processing. While the HOM effect has been extensively studied both theoretically and experimentally for various photonic quantum states, particularly in the spectral domain, detailed overviews of its behaviour for structured photons - those with complex spatial profiles - under arbitrary spatial mode measurement schemes are still lacking. This tutorial aims to fill this gap by providing a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the HOM effect for structured photons, including an arbitrary mode projection on quantum interference outcomes. The tutorial also provides analytical, closed-form expressions of the HOM visibility under different measurement conditions.