Duality, Eh!

Sennian Chen

Until now, we do not know whether elementary particles have structure, but we cannot assert that elementary particles do not have structure, because all experiences tell us that the properties of non-living and living things are closely related to their structure. As their foundation, can the microscopic particles be excluded? Do photons and charged fermions have structure? What structure? We study the key to the Schrödinger computation that accurately reproduce the energy levels of the Bohr model and the general solution of Schrödinger equation mathematically; we found to satisfy Schrödinger equation the charged fermions must possess a double helix structure of mass density. Such structures plus partial self-rotation make them quantized and a fixed value spin or . We prove that the Maxwell wave equation is simultaneously the Klein-Gordon equation for electromagnetic waves. Then we prove that photons have a double helix structure of EH-energy that makes photons quantized and a fixed value spin or . There is a charge in the electron (and charged fermions); a pair of charges in the photons, they distribute double helically along their side boundaries; these charges produce and carry a circular polarized E-wave and EH-wave respectively. They form two traveling-wave-particle hybrid structures. It is such hybrid structures give them traveling-wave-particle duality. Such dualities can exhibit their wave property and particle property simultaneously in the same experiments. At last, we prove that the electron cloud photo not only exhibits the probability distribution of electrons but also proves the existence of electrons’ trajectories around the nucleus; the electrons’ motions make the probability distribution. The electron probability distribution around the nucleus is causal. At last we prove that the electron in the main shells (the Eigen states) of a multi-electron atom does not radiate pure EM energy, not fall to the nucleus.

Pham Ngoc SON, Hyung Yun Kong

In this study, the authors propose a cooperative transmission scheme with energy‐harvesting (EH) relays under wiretapping of an eavesdropper. In this scheme, the relays harvest energy from radio‐frequency (RF) signals of a source through power‐splitting receivers, and process arrived signals by amplify‐and‐forward (EH‐AF protocol) and decode‐and‐forward (EH‐DF protocol) technologies. In the proposed protocols, a best relay is selected at the destination so that the end‐to‐end achievable secrecy rates are maximal. Exact and asymptotic secrecy outage probability expressions are used to evaluate the EH‐AF and EH‐DF protocols, respectively, and are confirmed by Monte Carlo simulations. The simulation results show that (i) the EH‐DF protocol outperforms the EH‐AF protocol, and both proposed protocols are improved when the number of cooperative relays and the distances of the relay–eavesdropper links increase and the relays move toward the destination, (ii) the secrecy performance of the EH‐AF and EH‐DF protocols is the best at optimal power‐splitting ratios, which are obtained by the golden section search method, (iii) the energy conversion efficiency and the noise at RF‐to‐baseband conversion units seriously affect the proposed protocols, and finally, (iv) the theoretical analysis results fit those of the Monte Carlo simulations.

Sebastian De Haro, Enrico Cinti

Yang Lu, Ke Xiong, Pingyi Fan +2 more

This paper investigates the secure transmit design for simultaneous wireless information and power transfer system under the non-linear energy harvesting (EH) model, where a transmitter sends confidential information and transfers energy to multiple information receivers (IRs) and EH receivers (ERs) with the existence of multiple eavesdroppers (Eves). To prevent confidential information leakage, multiple artificial redundant signals (MARSs) are embedded in the transmit signals. The goal is to minimize the total transmit power by jointly optimizing transmit beamforming vectors and the covariance matrixes of MARSs, such that the minimal information rate and EH requirements at IRs and ERs are guaranteed while making the received signal-to-Interference ratio at ERs and Eves lower than their information decoding thresholds. Both the non-robust and the robust designs are studied. For the non-robust design, the optimal solution is derived. For the robust design, an approximate optimal solution is obtained by using Gaussian randomization procedure. Simulation results show that compared with traditional non-MARS-aided beamforming design, our proposed design is superior in terms of the total required transmit power. It also shows that employing the non-linear EH model can avoid false output power at the ERs and/or save power at the transmitter.