Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Workshop on Quantum Networks and Distributed Quantum Computing (QuNet)

Towards Flow Scheduling in A Quantum Data Center

Ruilin Zhou, Yuhang Gan, Yi Liu

Published Aug 16, 2023• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

We propose an architecture for future quantum data centers with the scheduling of quantum computing flows, which integrates quantum processors, quantum switches, and quantum networks. The versatility of these data centers is discussed, highlighting their role in distributed quantum computing and quantum multi-party protocols, which include quantum cryptography and multi-party computation. We address a key challenge within this proposed architecture, namely entanglement flow scheduling which resembles its counterpart in classical data centers. Classical flow scheduling algorithms are examined and benchmarked against our proposed metrics which evaluate fairness and efficiency. We believe the proposed architecture can help to develop quantum data centers that can address the limitation of near-future Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices. We expect our work can inspire more research on the design of future quantum data centers.

DOI
10.1145/3610251.3610560

Related papers

Efficient entanglement scheduling in quantum data centers

Shahrooz Pouryousef, Eneet Kaur, Don Towsley +1 more

Modular quantum computing scales quantum systems by connecting Quantum Processing Units (QPUs) through a quantum network. A key challenge in such architectures is efficiently scheduling entanglement generation to enable distributed circuit execution. This work investigates how architectural factors—such as network topology, switch placement, and communication qubit allocation—impact entanglement scheduling and resource utilization. Through simulation, we evaluate static and dynamic scheduling strategies under realistic constraints including probabilistic entanglement generation, limited communication qubits, reconfiguration delays, and qubit coherence time. Our results show that dynamic scheduling performs better in highly connected architectures, while sparse topologies lead to contention and entanglement loss. We also profile Bell State Measurement (BSM) demand to identify architectural bottlenecks and inform provisioning. These insights highlight the critical role of architecture in enabling scalable, efficient distributed quantum computing.

Quantum Computing, Communication, and Simulation•Mar 5, 2026•0 citations

Quantum Data Center Infrastructures: A Scalable Architectural Design Perspective

Hassan Shapourian, Eneet Kaur, Troy J. Sewell +4 more

This paper presents the design of scalable quantum networks that utilize optical switches to interconnect multiple quantum processors, facilitating large-scale quantum computing. By leveraging these novel architectures, we aim to address the limitations of current quantum processors and explore the potential of quantum data centers. We provide an in-depth analysis of these architectures through the development of simulation tools and performance metrics, offering a detailed comparison of their advantages and trade-offs. We hope this work serves as a foundation for the development of efficient and resilient quantum networks, designed to meet the evolving demands of future quantum computing applications.

arXiv:2501.05598•Jan 9, 2025•4 citations

Quantum Data Centres: why entanglement changes everything

Angela Sara Cacciapuoti, Claudio Pellitteri, Jessica Illiano +4 more

The Quantum Internet is key for distributed quantum computing, by interconnecting multiple quantum processors into a virtual quantum computation system. This allows for scaling the number of qubits by overcoming the inherent limitations of noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices. Thus, the Quantum Internet is the foundation for large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computation. Among the distributed architectures, quantum data centres emerge as the most viable in the medium term, since they integrate multiple quantum processors within a localized network infrastructure, by allowing modular design of quantum networking. We analyse the physical and topological constraints of quantum data centres, by emphasizing the role of entanglement orchestrators in dynamically reconfiguring network topologies through local operations. We examine the major hardware challenge of quantum transduction, essential for interfacing heterogeneous quantum systems. Furthermore, we explore how interconnecting multiple Quantum Data Centres could enable large-scale quantum networks. We discuss the topological constraints of such a scaling and identify open challenges, including entanglement routing and synchronization. The analysis positions quantum data centres as both a practical implementation platform and strategic framework for the future quantum internet. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Bits, neurons and qubits for sustainable AI'.

arXiv:2506.02920•Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences•Feb 26, 2026•5 citations

A Quantum Data Center Network Architecture

Yufeng Xin, Liang Zhang

Quantum entanglement generation and distribution is key to the vision for a Quantum Internet. Existing research has focused on entanglement routing schemes and QR performance in a general network setting with strong physical layer assumptions. In reality, the required quantum memory and quantum repeater devices along with the control protocols for general quantum networks remain grand challenges in the foreseeable future. Main performance concerns at the networking layer include entanglement distribution rate and fidelity. We thereafter propose to focus more research efforts on the quantum data center network due to its structured topology and potential to support emerging distributed quantum computing applications. This paper presents a quantum data center (QDC) network architecture with novel switch architecture and protocols that feature locally buffered entanglement qubits and centralized on-demand entanglement generation and distribution. Queueing models for the switches and large-scale network simulation with the NetSquid quantum simulator demonstrate the high network throughput, scalability, and fidelity performance for the proposed QDC network architecture and protocol.

IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE)•Sep 15, 2024•2 citations

Towards a High-Performance Quantum Data Center Network Architecture

Yufeng Xin, Liang Zhang

Quantum Data Centers (QDCs) are needed to support large-scale quantum processing for both academic and commercial applications. While large-scale quantum computers are constrained by technological and financial barriers, a modular approach that clusters small quantum computers offers an alternative. This approach, however, introduces new challenges in network scalability, entanglement generation, and quantum memory management. In this paper, we propose a three-layer fat-tree network architecture for QDCs, designed to address these challenges. Our architecture features a unique leaf switch and an advanced swapping spine switch design, optimized to handle high volumes of entanglement requests as well as a queue scheduling mechanism that efficiently manages quantum memory to prevent decoherence. Through queuing-theoretical models and simulations in NetSquid, we demonstrate the proposed architecture's scalability and effectiveness in maintaining high entanglement fidelity, offering a practical path forward for modular QDC networks.

International Conference on Communications•Jun 8, 2025•2 citations

The EU Quantum Flagship's Key Performance Indicators for Quantum Computing

Zoltán Zimborás, Attila Portik, David Aguirre +10 more

As quantum processors continue to scale in size and complexity, the need for well-defined, reproducible, and technology-agnostic performance metrics becomes increasingly critical. Here we present a suite of scalable quantum computing benchmarks developed as key performance indicators (KPIs) within the EU Quantum Flagship. These proposed benchmarks are designed to assess holistic system performance rather than isolated components, and to remain applicable across both noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices and future fault-tolerant architectures. We introduce four core benchmarks addressing complementary aspects of quantum computing capability: large multi-qubit circuit execution via a Clifford Volume benchmark, scalable multipartite entanglement generation through GHZ-state preparation, a benchmark based on the application of Shor's period-finding subroutine to simple functions, and a protocol quantifying the benefit of quantum error correction using Bell states. Each benchmark is accompanied by clearly specified protocols, reporting standards, and scalable evaluation methods. Together, these KPIs provide a coherent framework for transparent and fair performance assessment across quantum hardware platforms and for tracking progress late-NISQ toward early fault-tolerant quantum computation.

quant-pharXiv:2512.19653•Dec 23, 2025•0 citations
We propose an architecture for future quantum data centers with the scheduling of quantum computing flows, which integrates quantum processors, quantum switches, and quantum networks. The versatility of these data centers is discussed, highlighting their role in distributed quantum computing and quantum multi-party protocols, which include quantum cryptography and multi-party computation. We address a key challenge within this proposed architecture, namely entanglement flow scheduling which resembles its counterpart in classical data centers. Classical flow scheduling algorithms are examined and benchmarked against our proposed metrics which evaluate fairness and efficiency. We believe the proposed architecture can help to develop quantum data centers that can address the limitation of near-future Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices. We expect our work can inspire more research on the design of future quantum data centers.
Modular quantum computing scales quantum systems by connecting Quantum Processing Units (QPUs) through a quantum network. A key challenge in such architectures is efficiently scheduling entanglement generation to enable distributed circuit execution. This work investigates how architectural factors—such as network topology, switch placement, and communication qubit allocation—impact entanglement scheduling and resource utilization. Through simulation, we evaluate static and dynamic scheduling strategies under realistic constraints including probabilistic entanglement generation, limited communication qubits, reconfiguration delays, and qubit coherence time. Our results show that dynamic scheduling performs better in highly connected architectures, while sparse topologies lead to contention and entanglement loss. We also profile Bell State Measurement (BSM) demand to identify architectural bottlenecks and inform provisioning. These insights highlight the critical role of architecture in enabling scalable, efficient distributed quantum computing.
This paper presents the design of scalable quantum networks that utilize optical switches to interconnect multiple quantum processors, facilitating large-scale quantum computing. By leveraging these novel architectures, we aim to address the limitations of current quantum processors and explore the potential of quantum data centers. We provide an in-depth analysis of these architectures through the development of simulation tools and performance metrics, offering a detailed comparison of their advantages and trade-offs. We hope this work serves as a foundation for the development of efficient and resilient quantum networks, designed to meet the evolving demands of future quantum computing applications.
The Quantum Internet is key for distributed quantum computing, by interconnecting multiple quantum processors into a virtual quantum computation system. This allows for scaling the number of qubits by overcoming the inherent limitations of noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices. Thus, the Quantum Internet is the foundation for large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computation. Among the distributed architectures, quantum data centres emerge as the most viable in the medium term, since they integrate multiple quantum processors within a localized network infrastructure, by allowing modular design of quantum networking. We analyse the physical and topological constraints of quantum data centres, by emphasizing the role of entanglement orchestrators in dynamically reconfiguring network topologies through local operations. We examine the major hardware challenge of quantum transduction, essential for interfacing heterogeneous quantum systems. Furthermore, we explore how interconnecting multiple Quantum Data Centres could enable large-scale quantum networks. We discuss the topological constraints of such a scaling and identify open challenges, including entanglement routing and synchronization. The analysis positions quantum data centres as both a practical implementation platform and strategic framework for the future quantum internet. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Bits, neurons and qubits for sustainable AI'.
Quantum entanglement generation and distribution is key to the vision for a Quantum Internet. Existing research has focused on entanglement routing schemes and QR performance in a general network setting with strong physical layer assumptions. In reality, the required quantum memory and quantum repeater devices along with the control protocols for general quantum networks remain grand challenges in the foreseeable future. Main performance concerns at the networking layer include entanglement distribution rate and fidelity. We thereafter propose to focus more research efforts on the quantum data center network due to its structured topology and potential to support emerging distributed quantum computing applications. This paper presents a quantum data center (QDC) network architecture with novel switch architecture and protocols that feature locally buffered entanglement qubits and centralized on-demand entanglement generation and distribution. Queueing models for the switches and large-scale network simulation with the NetSquid quantum simulator demonstrate the high network throughput, scalability, and fidelity performance for the proposed QDC network architecture and protocol.
Quantum Data Centers (QDCs) are needed to support large-scale quantum processing for both academic and commercial applications. While large-scale quantum computers are constrained by technological and financial barriers, a modular approach that clusters small quantum computers offers an alternative. This approach, however, introduces new challenges in network scalability, entanglement generation, and quantum memory management. In this paper, we propose a three-layer fat-tree network architecture for QDCs, designed to address these challenges. Our architecture features a unique leaf switch and an advanced swapping spine switch design, optimized to handle high volumes of entanglement requests as well as a queue scheduling mechanism that efficiently manages quantum memory to prevent decoherence. Through queuing-theoretical models and simulations in NetSquid, we demonstrate the proposed architecture's scalability and effectiveness in maintaining high entanglement fidelity, offering a practical path forward for modular QDC networks.
As quantum processors continue to scale in size and complexity, the need for well-defined, reproducible, and technology-agnostic performance metrics becomes increasingly critical. Here we present a suite of scalable quantum computing benchmarks developed as key performance indicators (KPIs) within the EU Quantum Flagship. These proposed benchmarks are designed to assess holistic system performance rather than isolated components, and to remain applicable across both noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices and future fault-tolerant architectures. We introduce four core benchmarks addressing complementary aspects of quantum computing capability: large multi-qubit circuit execution via a Clifford Volume benchmark, scalable multipartite entanglement generation through GHZ-state preparation, a benchmark based on the application of Shor's period-finding subroutine to simple functions, and a protocol quantifying the benefit of quantum error correction using Bell states. Each benchmark is accompanied by clearly specified protocols, reporting standards, and scalable evaluation methods. Together, these KPIs provide a coherent framework for transparent and fair performance assessment across quantum hardware platforms and for tracking progress late-NISQ toward early fault-tolerant quantum computation.