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International Telecommunications Conference (ITC-Egypt)

A 32-bit Quantum Encryption Algorithm Using Dynamic Pauli Gates

Mohamed A Elbaset, Mohamed A. Soliman, Shady A Deraz, Karim H. Moussa

Published Jul 18, 2023• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

By utilizing quantum cryptography, a real-time secure algorithm is created that makes use of the quantum properties of photons. An algorithm utilizing symmetric key is presented, taking into account the fundamental principles of both classical and quantum computing. Messages in this algorithm consist of blocks, each of which consists of 32 bits of space. To begin with, the process of classical encryption is divided into two processes, rotation process and permutation process, all controlled by the key that determines the order in which the bits of the block message are rotated. Secondly, encrypting block messages in bits is converted to qubits. In the third step, the quantum bits are applied to a certain quantum gate, such as Not(x), Control Not (CNot) and Toffoli (T), to change the value of that quantum bits. Fourth, in order to create non-orthogonal ciphertext states, Pauli gates are utilized and controlled by a key in the second stage. Eavesdroppers cannot detect the encryption of messages that have changed from orthogonal states to non-orthogonal states because quantum computing is based on quantum mechanical principles. It has been demonstrated that the proposed algorithm increases message space. In addition, various algorithm analyses have proven the improved strength of our proposed algorithm against various attacks, including brute force attacks.

DOI
10.1109/itc-egypt58155.2023.10206366

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By utilizing quantum cryptography, a real-time secure algorithm is created that makes use of the quantum properties of photons. An algorithm utilizing symmetric key is presented, taking into account the fundamental principles of both classical and quantum computing. Messages in this algorithm consist of blocks, each of which consists of 32 bits of space. To begin with, the process of classical encryption is divided into two processes, rotation process and permutation process, all controlled by the key that determines the order in which the bits of the block message are rotated. Secondly, encrypting block messages in bits is converted to qubits. In the third step, the quantum bits are applied to a certain quantum gate, such as Not(x), Control Not (CNot) and Toffoli (T), to change the value of that quantum bits. Fourth, in order to create non-orthogonal ciphertext states, Pauli gates are utilized and controlled by a key in the second stage. Eavesdroppers cannot detect the encryption of messages that have changed from orthogonal states to non-orthogonal states because quantum computing is based on quantum mechanical principles. It has been demonstrated that the proposed algorithm increases message space. In addition, various algorithm analyses have proven the improved strength of our proposed algorithm against various attacks, including brute force attacks.
Quantum cryptography appropriates the features of photons to create a secured algorithm in real-time. In this study, a new algorithm is illustrated using the symmetric key based on the basics of quantum and classical computation. In this algorithm, the message contains blocks, the space of each block is 16 bits. First, the classical encryption process depends on the key that makes rotation and permutation in the bits of block message. Second, the bits of encrypted block messages are converted to qubits. Third, Pauli gates are used, and applies the output of the second stage to them depends on a key to achieving the non-orthogonality of ciphertext states. Because of the basis of quantum computing, the eavesdroppers cannot detect the encrypted message states that changed to non-orthogonal states. The proposed algorithm is proven to increase the message space, the various algorithm analysis proofed that our proposed algorithm has an improved strength against various attacks, including the brute force attack.
Quantum cryptography utilizes the quantum properties of photons to construct an unbreakable crypto-algorithm in real-time. In this paper, based on quantum and classical computation principles, a new quantum encryption algorithm using the symmetric key is presented. It is a block-cipher algorithm which means that each message contains blocks in which 4 bits for each. Firstly, keyed rotations and permutation of the message bits are used. Secondly, the encrypted message is converted to qubits then several dynamic quantum gates are applied to them key dependently to make the ciphertext state reach the state of non-orthogonality. In consequence of the principles of quantum mechanics, the eaves cannot distinguish the non-orthogonal states of the encrypted message. The proposed algorithm is proofed to increase the message space, the various algorithm analysis proofed that our proposed algorithm has an improved strength against various attacks, including the brute force attack.
Based on the principles of both classical and quantum computation primitives, a new symmetric key quantum cryptographic algorithm is proposed. This algorithm can be used to encrypt classical binary messages as well as quantum information. Encryption and decryption are implemented by the aid of classical and quantum computation which can be realized by suitable technology. Because each encryption process is under the control of the key which is dynamically and recursively changed through each round in both encryption and decryption and the final ciphertext states are non-orthogonal, the eavesdropper can not acquire fixed ciphertext without the keys so the eavesdropping attack is invalid, which is guaranteed with the no-cloning theory in quantum mechanics. Similarly, the non-orthogonality of the ciphertext renders the Trojan horse attack strategy impossible. Also the algorithm applies a pseudo random process from stage to stage. This pseudo randomness hinders the ability of Eve to attack such a cryptographic scheme.
A realizable quantum encryption algorithm for qubits is presented by employing bit-wise quantum computation. System extension and bit-swapping are introduced into the encryption process, which makes the ciphertext space expanded greatly. The security of the proposed algorithm is analysed in detail and the schematic physical implementation is also provided. It is shown that the algorithm, which can prevent quantum attack strategy as well as classical attack strategy, is effective to protect qubits. Finally, we extend our algorithm to encrypt classical binary bits and quantum entanglements.
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Cryptography is entering a new age since the first steps that have been made towards quantum computing, which also poses a threat to the classical cryptosystem in general. In this paper, we introduce a new novel encryption technique and algorithm to improve quantum cryptography. The aim of the suggested scheme is to generate a digital signature in quantum computing. An arbitrated digital signature is introduced instead of the directed digital signature to avoid the denial of sending the message from the sender and pretending that the sender's private key was stolen or lost and the signature has been forged. The onetime pad operation that most quantum cryptography algorithms that have been proposed in the past is avoided to decrease the possibility of the channel eavesdropping. The presented algorithm in this paper uses quantum gates to do the encryption and decryption processes. In addition, new quantum gates are introduced, analyzed, and investigated in the encryption and decryption processes. The authors believe the gates that are used in the proposed algorithm improve the security for both classical and quantum computing. (Against)The proposed gates in the paper have plausible properties that position them as suitable candidates for encryption and decryption processes in quantum cryptography. To demonstrate the security features of the algorithm, it was simulated using MATLAB simulator, in particular through the Quack Quantum Library.