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Symmetry

Entangled Photon Anti-Correlations Are Evident from Classical Electromagnetism

K. B. Wharton, Emily Adlam

Published Aug 4, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

For any experiment with two entangled photons, some joint measurement outcomes can have zero probability for a precise choice of basis. These perfect anti-correlations would seem to be a purely quantum phenomenon. It is, therefore, surprising that these very anti-correlations are also evident when the input to the same experiment is analyzed via classical electromagnetic theory. Demonstrating this quantum–classical connection for arbitrary two-photon states and analyzing why it is successful motivates alternative perspectives concerning entanglement, the path integral, and other topics in quantum foundations.

DOI
10.3390/sym15081539

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For any experiment with two entangled photons, some joint measurement outcomes can have zero probability for a precise choice of basis. These perfect anti-correlations would seem to be a purely quantum phenomenon. It is, therefore, surprising that these very anti-correlations are also evident when the input to the same experiment is analyzed via classical electromagnetic theory. Demonstrating this quantum–classical connection for arbitrary two-photon states and analyzing why it is successful motivates alternative perspectives concerning entanglement, the path integral, and other topics in quantum foundations.
For any experiment with two entangled photons, some joint measurement outcomes can have zero probability for a precise choice of basis. These perfect anti-correlations would seem to be a purely quantum phenomenon. It is therefore surprising that these very anti-correlations are also evident when the input to the same experiment is analyzed via classical electromagnetic theory. Demonstrating this quantum-classical connection for arbitrary two-photon states (and analyzing why it is successful) motivates alternative perspectives concerning entanglement, the path integral, and other topics in quantum foundations.
We wish to report an experimental observation of anti-correlation from first-order incoherent classical chaotic light. We explain why the classical statistical theory does not apply and provide a quantum interpretation. In quantum theory, either correlation or anti-correlation is a two-photon interference phenomenon, which involves the superposition of two-photon amplitudes, a nonclassical entity corresponding to different yet indistinguishable alternative ways of producing a joint-photodetection event.
The quantum physics of light is a most fascinating field. Here I present a very personal viewpoint, focusing on my own path to quantum entanglement and then on to applications. I have been fascinated by quantum physics ever since I heard about it for the first time in school. The theory struck me immediately for two reasons: (1) its immense mathematical beauty, and (2) the unparalleled precision to which its predictions have been verified again and again. Particularly fascinating for me were the predictions of quantum mechanics for individual particles, individual quantum systems. Surprisingly, the experimental realization of many of these fundamental phenomena has led to novel ideas for applications. Starting from my early experiments with neutrons, I later became interested in quantum entanglement, initially focusing on multi-particle entanglement like GHZ states. This work opened the experimental possibility to do quantum teleportation and quantum hyper-dense coding. The latter became the first entanglement-based quantum experiment breaking a classical limitation. One of the most fascinating phenomena is entanglement swapping, the teleportation of an entangled state. This phenomenon is fundamentally interesting because it can entangle two pairs of particles which do not share any common past. Surprisingly, it also became an important ingredient in a number of applications, including quantum repeaters which will connect future quantum computers with each other. Another application is entanglement-based quantum cryptography where I present some recent long-distance experiments. Entanglement swapping has also been applied in very recent so-called loophole-free tests of Bell's theorem. Within the physics community such loophole-free experiments are perceived as providing nearly definitive proof that local realism is untenable. While, out of principle, local realism can never be excluded entirely, the 2015 achievements narrow down the remaining possibilities for local realistic explanations of the quantum phenomenon of entanglement in a significant way. These experiments may go down in the history books of science. Future experiments will address particularly the freedom-of-choice loophole using cosmic sources of randomness. Such experiments confirm that unconditionally secure quantum cryptography is possible, since quantum cryptography based on Bell's theorem can provide unconditional security. The fact that the experiments were loophole-free proves that an eavesdropper cannot avoid detection in an experiment that correctly follows the protocol. I finally discuss some recent experiments with single- and entangled-photon states in higher dimensions. Such experiments realized quantum entanglement between two photons, each with quantum numbers beyond 10 000 and also simultaneous entanglement of two photons where each carries more than 100 dimensions. Thus they offer the possibility of quantum communication with more than one bit or qubit per photon. The paper concludes discussing Einstein's contributions and viewpoints of quantum mechanics. Even if some of his positions are not supported by recent experiments, he has to be given credit for the fact that his analysis of fundamental issues gave rise to developments which led to a new information technology. Finally, I reflect on some of the lessons learned by the fact that nature cannot be local, that objective randomness exists and about the emergence of a classical world. It is suggestive that information plays a fundamental role also in the foundations of quantum physics.
At what level of energy does a classical experiment become quantum mechanical? Where does classical electromagnetic theory apply and where do we have to turn to quantum optics? Is there a sharp line between these two models? And if so: why, and why at this level? Or if not: what are the common features of the formalisms, and what are the di erences? With our upcoming experimental work, we hope to be able to gain some insight into these challenging questions. The starting point is an investigation of the results from an ordinary Bell type experiment showing entanglement between two photons, where the photons has been generated using spontaneous parametric down conversion, and the same experiment but with a classical source where two highly attenuated pulses are combined. Here we will present in detail our planned experiment.
A very condensed summary of EVTD2 theory shows that it bases on phenomenon of an electromagnetic wave mother (OME) existence that would have the highest frequency in whole Universe. Taking this into account, we can consider a new approach on the experiments that used a single “photon ” or two correlated “photons ” to make evident the phenomenon of particles correspondence. Today, any of well-known theories is not enough adapted and cannot explain the enigmas connected to this subject. Only the EVTD2 theory can do this by remaking valid the space – time determination principle and the time existence, both being abandoned by certain physicists. The existence of OME would create waves that we call “tunnel wave ” in condensed matter systems that would guide preferentially low energy particles in case of OME and its harmonics resonance in experimental devices. According to EVTD2 theory, the “photon ” would be a succession of shocks – impulsions on the entities of condensed matter. Thus, we could give a representation of phenomena where is made a choice between different ways presenting perfect correspondence and anti-correspondence according to very little differences between them. For this, it is enough to consider that one or more „water drops ” would represent one low energy “photon ” or two correlated