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Contradictions between a Quantum-Mechanical Model of the photon and the Detection Principle of FMCW Measurements

André Malz

Published Jul 26, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract This article presents a study that provides robust evidence supporting the continuity of the electromagnetic field, while highlighting contradictions between a quantum-mechanical model of the photon and the detection principle of Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) measurements. The primary objective was to investigate the detection method of FMCW for extremely weak signals, reaching energy levels akin to photons. Through thorough examination, significant contradictions emerged, favoring classical field theory and challenging the notion of electromagnetic field quantization. To strengthen this claim, a carefully designed experiment was conducted to measure sub-photon energy levels. The comprehensive analysis of both theoretical insights and experimental data presents compelling evidence, demonstrating the untenability of a quantized model for the electromagnetic field. These findings have profound implications for understanding the continuity of the electromagnetic field, prompting further exploration in this field of research.

DOI
10.21203/rs.3.rs-3170886/v1

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Abstract This article presents a study that provides robust evidence supporting the continuity of the electromagnetic field, while highlighting contradictions between a quantum-mechanical model of the photon and the detection principle of Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) measurements. The primary objective was to investigate the detection method of FMCW for extremely weak signals, reaching energy levels akin to photons. Through thorough examination, significant contradictions emerged, favoring classical field theory and challenging the notion of electromagnetic field quantization. To strengthen this claim, a carefully designed experiment was conducted to measure sub-photon energy levels. The comprehensive analysis of both theoretical insights and experimental data presents compelling evidence, demonstrating the untenability of a quantized model for the electromagnetic field. These findings have profound implications for understanding the continuity of the electromagnetic field, prompting further exploration in this field of research.
This article presents a study that provides robust evidence supporting the continuity of the electromagnetic field, while highlighting contradictions between a quantum-mechanical model of the photon and the detection principle of Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) measurements.The primary objective was to investigate the detection method of FMCW for extremely weak signals, reaching energy levels akin to photons.Through thorough examination, significant contradictions emerged, favoring classical field theory and challenging the notion of electromagnetic field quantization.To strengthen this claim, a carefully designed experiment was conducted to measure sub-photon energy levels.The comprehensive analysis of both theoretical insights and experimental data presents compelling evidence, demonstrating the untenability of a quantized model for the electromagnetic field.These findings have profound implications for understanding the continuity of the electromagnetic field, prompting further exploration in this field of research.
This article presents a comprehensive study that furnishes compelling evidence bolstering the notion of electromagnetic field continuity, accomplished through the implementation of a self-heterodyne measurement technique.The primary objective was to investigate the detection method of FMCW for extremely weak signals, reaching energy levels akin to photons.Through thorough examination, significant contradictions emerged, favoring classical field theory and challenging the notion of electromagnetic field quantization.To strengthen this claim, a carefully designed experiment was conducted to measure sub-photon energy levels.The comprehensive analysis of both theoretical insights and experimental data presents compelling evidence, demonstrating the untenability of a quantized model for the electromagnetic field.These findings have profound implications for understanding the continuity of the electromagnetic field, prompting further exploration in this field of research.
Abstract Violations of Bell inequalities have been an incontestable indicator of non-classicality since the seminal paper by John Bell. However, recent claims of Bell inequalities violations with classical light have cast some doubts on their significance as hallmarks of non-classicality. Here, we challenge those claims. The crux of the problem is that such classical experiments simulate quantum probabilities with intensities of classical fields. However, fields intensities measurements are radically different from single-photon detections, which are primitives of any genuine Bell experiment. We show that this fundamental difference between field intensities measurements and single photon detections shifts the classical bound of relevant Bell inequalities to its non-signaling limit, leaving no place for their violations.
The range and speed of a moving object can be ascertained using the sensing technique known as light detection and ranging (LiDAR). It has recently been suggested that quantum LiDAR, which uses entangled states of light, can enhance the capabilities of LiDAR. Entangled pulsed light is used in prior quantum LiDAR approaches to assess both range and velocity at the same time using the pulses' time of flight and Doppler shift. The entangled pulsed light generation and detection, which are crucial for pulsed quantum LiDAR, are often inefficient. Here, we study a quantum LiDAR that operates on a frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW), as opposed to pulses. We first outline the design of the quantum FMCW LiDAR using entangled frequency-modulated photons in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, and we demonstrate how it can increase accuracy and resolution for range and velocity measurements by n\sqrt{n}n​ and nnn, respectively, with nnn entangled photons. We also demonstrate that quantum FMCW LiDAR may perform simultaneous measurements of the range and velocity without the need for quantum pulsed compression, which is necessary in pulsed quantum LiDAR. Since the generation of entangled photons is the only inefficient nonlinear optical process needed, the quantum FMCW LiDAR is better suited for practical implementations. Additionally, most measurements in the quantum FMCW LiDAR can be carried out electronically by down-converting optical signal to microwave region.
Frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) Lidar has the characteristics of high-ranging accuracy, noise immunity, and synchronous speed measurement, which makes it a candidate for the next generation of vehicle Lidar.In this work, an FMCW Lidar working at the single-photon level is demonstrated based on quantum compressed sensing, and the target distance is recovered from the sparse photon detection, in which the detection sensitivity, bandwidth, and compression ratio are improved significantly.Our Lidar system can achieve 3 GHz bandwidth detection at photon count rates of a few thousand, making ultra-long-distance FMCW Lidar possible.
Based on the theoretical derivation and experimental data, the declaration that the quantum theory of light can contain the classical electromagnetic theory of light is oppugned, and two dead-points are put forward. One is the nonconservation of the energy of the electromagnetic field before and after quantization due to a number of zero point energy, and the other is that the real electromagnetic wave, as a matter, will lose its real material nature in theory, or only as a substitute of photons. Finally, a crucial experiment is designed to demonstrate and compare the accuracy of quantum theory and classical electromagnetic theory in the classical condition.