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The Double Slit Experiment Enigma - Resolved

Shlomo Barak

Published Jul 8, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We dispel the need to attribute a dualistic nature to single photons that arrive, in a double slit experiment, at the screen one at a time. Interference is explained in a novel way based on known and accepted physics. The photon, being an excitation of the electromagnetic field, is regarded as a particle or more accurately a wavepacket, of a defined size, and not a wave.

DOI
10.1364/opticaopen.23643573.v1

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We dispel the need to attribute a dualistic nature to single photons that arrive, in a double slit experiment, at the screen one at a time. Interference is explained in a novel way based on known and accepted physics. The photon, being an excitation of the electromagnetic field, is regarded as a particle or more accurately a wavepacket, of a defined size, and not a wave.
Abstract: Many problems exist in the Double Slit Experiment when you consider that the elements in the test are moving as waves. Outside of the pattern resembling peeks and troughs that overlap each other; there is no real scientific explanation on how this is taking place. In a more accurate and classical way, can we explain how the dark and light areas of the interference pattern are being made? Why is an Interference pattern being made when particles are being sent through the exercise one at a time? And how is it that through observation the Interference pattern collapses in on itself. Waves add more questions than they do answers, a very typical outcome of an incorrect solution. Maybe the unanswered questions left behind by the wave theory is a confirmation of its inaccuracy and not the mystique of its results. Rather than double down on the wave theory with time traveling particles, elements of duality, and the Copenhagen Interpretation; l reconsidered that elements tested in the double slit experiment behave as particles. But this time, I weighed the thought that these bits of matter are much smaller than previously thought. This new logic allowed particles with straight trajectories to interact with the edge of materials used in the double slit wall in a very detailed way. This created a storm of new ways to look at what is really taking place in the test; revealing the competence of the detectors utilized and the capacity of the Nonlinear Optical Crystal. Everything solved from just one idea, that quantum move as particles but on a much smaller scale. This is the enigma of the Double Slit Experiment.
3.1 Interference of a Single Photon The kinds of study originally conducted by Thomas Young - in particular, the celebrated "double slit" experiment that we briefly examined in Chapter 1 (see Fig. 1) - provide a capacity to reveal far more than the wave nature of light, important as that is. True enough, the observed characteristic fringe pattern, when monochromatic light passes through two closely spaced slits onto a screen, appears to be simply explicable on the basis of waves from each slit undergoing constructive and destructive interference at different positions on the screen. Yet, astonishingly, these patterns of interference are still exhibited when individual photons of a low-intensity input beam reach the screen one at a time, showing that it cannot in fact be a matter of different photons having to interfere with each other. Indeed, Dirac enunciated the general principle that photons can never directly interact with each other. The double slit and other such experiments indicate that each photon interacts in a delocalized, wave-like manner with both slits at the same time. Successive experiments build interference patterns that conform to an exact mathematical distribution formula, but the position at which an individual photon is detected in any particular instance cannot be predicted; this is a quintessential illustration of quantum uncertainty. Using the path integral approach of quantum theory, the phenomenon is more accurately represented by introducing a summation over all possible routes between the source and the screen on which the pattern appears, signifying an entire "lifetime" for each photon involved in the experiment. This relates to the fact that the actual trajectory is unknown without an observation, and thus we only obtain the probabilities of the photon striking the screen at different positions and times; all trajectories (potentialities) must be considered in a superposition. Each route is considered equally probable, and the variation in phase produces quantum interference. The differences in phase of each trajectory, at varying positions on the screen, generates the fringe pattern. An intriguing variation on this experiment involves "marking" the photons so that the actual route of each photon to the screen is known. Remarkably, in such a case, the fringe patterns do not appear because quantum interference cannot occur. A consequence of the observation of the photon route is an effect that, in other quantum mechanical connections, is known as a collapse of the wavefunction. However, it is possible for the fringe patterns to reappear when information on the route of the photons is lost; this is known as a quantum eraser.
We construct proper microscopic propositions to consistently explain the interference patterns obtained for electrons and photons in well-defined one- and two-slit experiments. Our propositions are also made explicit on the basis of quantum mechanics with proper quantitative analysis to support the correctness of the physical mechanisms proposed herein, which obey the wave-particle duality. In particular, our propositions and theoretical analysis demonstrate that for single-photon detection (after time integration), we cannot produce interference pattern if the usual diffraction slits are replaced with slit holes such that the non-transparent slit material does not permit photons to transmit, reflect internally or refract. However, the said non-transparent slit material with slit holes can produce the usual interference pattern with electromagnetic waves.
Young's double slit experiments representing the mystery of quantum mechanics have been descripted by wave theories. To study the mystery, the double slit experiments were extended to the cross-double slit experiments. A description should explain all the double slit and cross-double slit experiments consistently. To test the wave description, the two postulates are proposed, which state that before passing through the double slit and before landing on the detector, photons behave as particles, but not as waves. To test the two postulates, the comprehensive double slit/cross-double slit experiments are proposed and performed. By placing shields and/or blockers near the detector/screen, the comprehensive double slit/cross-double slit experiments show that the fringes are created independently and partially, which discloses the particle nature of photons in the double slit/crossdouble slit experiments and violates the wave descriptions. The comprehensive double slit/cross-double slit experiments provide the comprehensive phenomena for developing theoretical model to study the mystery of double slit, complementarity principle, wave-particle duality, and wave theory of light.