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ACM Workshop on Wireless Security and Machine Learning (WiseML)

Machine Learning Assisted Physical Layer Secret Key Generation in the One-Time-Pad Encryption Scheme

Liquan Chen, Yufan Song, Tianyu Lu, Peng Zhang

Published Jun 1, 2023• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The one-time-pad (OTP) technique is widely used in the encryption to achieve the information-theoretic security, and the physical-layer secret key generation (SKG) technique can provide the random keys for OTP. However, the keys are susceptible to eavesdroppers in the correlated channel scenarios. To address this issue, this paper proposes a machine learning (ML) assisted SKG in the OTP encryption scheme. We make a complete and rigorous analysis of the information leakage under the influence of space-time correlation. The derivation based on information theory proves the security of the key generation scheme. To simplify the computational complexity, we generate the initial key based on ML. The simulation results show that the probability of information being leaked in the next frame increases if information is leaked in the current frame. Meanwhile, the simulation results verify that our ML assisted SKG scheme can generate keys securely for OTP under different space-time correlation.

DOI
10.1145/3586209.3591396

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The one-time-pad (OTP) technique is widely used in the encryption to achieve the information-theoretic security, and the physical-layer secret key generation (SKG) technique can provide the random keys for OTP. However, the keys are susceptible to eavesdroppers in the correlated channel scenarios. To address this issue, this paper proposes a machine learning (ML) assisted SKG in the OTP encryption scheme. We make a complete and rigorous analysis of the information leakage under the influence of space-time correlation. The derivation based on information theory proves the security of the key generation scheme. To simplify the computational complexity, we generate the initial key based on ML. The simulation results show that the probability of information being leaked in the next frame increases if information is leaked in the current frame. Meanwhile, the simulation results verify that our ML assisted SKG scheme can generate keys securely for OTP under different space-time correlation.
The one-time pad (OTP) is an application-layer encryption technique to achieve the information-theoretic security, and the physical-layer secret key generation (SKG) technique is a promising candidate to provide the random keys for OTP. In this paper, we propose a joint SKG and OTP encryption scheme with the aid of a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) to boost secret key rate. To maximize the efficiency of secure communication, we divide the process of secure transmission into two stages: SKG and then encrypted packet transmission. Meanwhile, we design an optimal algorithm for allocating time slots for SKG to maximize SKG efficiency without security risk. Furthermore, we design a key updating protocol based on our SKG scheme for OTP encryption. Simulation results verify that our scheme can generate keys securely and efficiently, and significantly improve the secure communication performance in an intelligent IoT system.
The one time pad (OTP) technique can provide information-theoretic security and physical layer key generation (PLKG) is a promising candidate for OTP. In the joint PLKG and OTP scheme, channel probing, information reconciliation and encrypted packet transmission all need to occupy channel time. In this paper, we propose a time slot allocation scheme for PLKG in OTP. We divide the process of OTP into three stages: channel probing, information reconciliation and encrypted packet transmission. Then, we analyze the secret key capacity and the time slot cost of the whole process. Under the premise of ensuring safety, we give a time slot reduction strategy to reduce time slot cost. Meanwhile, we propose a time slot allocation optimization algorithm to realize the strategy. Simulation results verify that our scheme can significantly reduce the time slot cost.
The one-time pad (OTP) secure transmission relies on the random keys to achieve perfect secrecy, while the unpredictable wireless channel is shown to be a good random source. There is very few work of the joint design of OTP and key generation from wireless channels. This article provides a comprehensive and quantitative investigation on secure transmission achieved by OTP and wireless channel randomness. We propose two OTP secure transmission schemes, i.e., identical key-based physical-layer secure transmission (IK-PST) and un-IK-PST (UK-PST). We quantitatively analyze the performance of both schemes and prove that UK-PST outperforms IK-PST. We extend the pairwise schemes to a group of users in networks with star and chain topologies. We implement prototypes of both schemes and evaluate the proposed schemes through both simulations and experiments. The results verify that UK-PST has a higher effective secret transmission rate than that of IK-PST for scenarios with both pairwise and group users.
Key generation technique generates symmetric keys based on the temporal variation, reciprocity and spatial decorrelation of the wireless channel. Most key generation schemes, however, assume that the eavesdropping channels are independent of the main channel and neglect the influence of the eavesdroppers. In this paper, we analyze the secret key capacity taking into account the information leaked to eavesdroppers, and the security analysis shows the eavesdropping channel correlation will reduce the secret key capacity. Then we propose a security channel estimating (SCE) scheme to resist eavesdroppers and the scheme is shown to be efficient. Finally, we use the Monte Carlo simulation verifies the theoretical analysis results.
Physical layer (PHY) secret key generation (SKG) has been widely studied as a promising approach to achieving One-Time-Pad security. The improvement of SKG rate is quite a huge challenge, especially in scenarios with untrusted internal helpers or eavesdroppers that aim to wiretap the negotiated secret keys between legitimate parties. In this paper, we propose a token-based SKG scheme to deal with the problem of information leakage with internal eavesdropping attacks. The basic idea is to cover random pilots with protective tokens to confuse eavesdroppers. Three scenarios including passive external eavesdropping, active internal eavesdropping with a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted untrusted helper, and active internal eavesdropping with an untrusted relay are considered and analyzed to evaluate the performance of the proposed anti-eavesdropping scheme. Theoretical analysis shows that the proposed token-based SKG scheme can perfectly secure the key negotiation, achieving zero information leakage even in the untrusted relaying scenario without a direct link between Alice and Bob. Moreover, closed-form expressions for secret key capacity (SKC) are obtained. Finally, numerical results indicate that the proposed scheme outperforms the state-of-the-art methods. Using a token-generation mapping function with greater diversity in amplitude and phase, our approach achieves enhanced SKC performance across various scenarios, including those with a passive eavesdropper, a RIS-assisted untrusted helper, and an untrusted relay.
In this paper, we propose a novel physical-layer secret key generation (SKG) scheme, which is based on reduced random pilot selection at a legitimate transmitter and channel interpolation at a legitimate receiver. As a result, the proposed scheme is capable of reducing pilot overhead and increasing secret key capacity (SKC) while suppressing information leakage to an eavesdropper in a correlated eavesdropping channel. More specifically, a subset of full pilot sequence is activated based on the legitimate channels at the legitimate transmitter, and the full channel coefficients are estimated from the received pilot symbol subset at the legitimate receiver with the aid of our channel interpolation. Additionally, despite the non-reciprocal channel due to the presence of a Doppler shift and an additive noise, our scheme achieves high SKG reliability in comparison to that without our reduced pilot selection or channel interpolation. We also derive the theoretical SKC for the proposed scheme. Our simulation results demonstrate that the proposed SKG scheme exhibits a higher performance in terms of both the SKC and key disagreement ratio.