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NTT technical review

Quantum Information Processing via Indirect Quantum Control

Go Kato

Published Nov 1, 2020• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum information processing will enable us to solve problems that conventional computers cannot or provide informationally secure cryptography.However, there are still difficulties in achieving quantum information processing.This article introduces indirect quantum control as one method to overcome these difficulties and shows that indirect quantum control has excellent properties for achieving quantum information processing.

DOI
10.53829/ntr202011fa5

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Quantum information processing will enable us to solve problems that conventional computers cannot or provide informationally secure cryptography.However, there are still difficulties in achieving quantum information processing.This article introduces indirect quantum control as one method to overcome these difficulties and shows that indirect quantum control has excellent properties for achieving quantum information processing.
Introduction Any technology that functions at the quantum level must face the issues of measurement and control. We have good reasons to believe that quantum physics enables communication and computation tasks that are either impossible or intractable in a classical world [NC00]. The security of widely used classical cryptographic systems relies upon the difficulty of certain computational tasks, such as breaking large semi-prime numbers into their two prime factors in the case of RSA encryption. By contrast, quantum cryptography can be absolutely secure, and is already a commercial reality. At the same time, the prospect of a quantum computer vastly faster than any classical computer at certain tasks is driving an international research programme to implement quantum information processing. Shor's factoring algorithm would enable a quantum computer to find factors exponentially faster than any known algorithm for classical computers, making classical encryption insecure. In this chapter, we investigate how issues of measurement and control arise in this most challenging quantum technology of all, quantum computation. The subjects of information theory and computational theory at first sight appear to belong to mathematics rather than physics. For example, communication was thought to have been captured by Shannon's abstract theory of information [SW49, Sha49]. However, physics must impact on such fundamental concepts once we acknowledge the fact that information requires a physical medium to support it.
Abstract The complexity of experimental quantum information processing devices is increasing rapidly, requiring new approaches to control them. In this paper, we address the problems of practically modeling and controlling an integrated optical waveguide array chip—a technology expected to have many applications in telecommunications and optical quantum information processing. This photonic circuit can be electrically reconfigured, but only the output optical signal can be monitored. As a result, the conventional control methods cannot be naively applied. Characterizing such a chip is challenging for three reasons. First, there are uncertainties associated with the Hamiltonian model describing the chip. Second, we expect distortions of the control voltages caused by the chip’s electrical response, which cannot be directly observed. And third, there are imperfections in the measurements caused by losses from coupling the chip externally to optical fibers. We have developed a deep neural network (NN) approach to solve these problems. The architecture is designed specifically to overcome the aforementioned challenges using a gated recurrent unit -based network as the central component. The Hamiltonian is estimated as a blackbox, while the rules of quantum mechanics such as state evolution is embedded in the structure as a whitebox. The resulting overall graybox model of the chip shows good performance both quantitatively in terms of the mean square error and qualitatively in terms of the shape of the predicted waveforms We use this NN to solve a classical and a quantum control problem. In the classical application we find a control sequence to approximately realize a time-dependent output power distribution. For the quantum application we obtain the control voltages to realize a target set of quantum gates. The method we propose is generic and can be applied to other systems that can only be probed indirectly.
Cryptography is very essential in our daily life, not only for confidentiality of information, but also for information integrity verification, non-repudiation, authentication, and other aspects. In modern society, cryptography is widely used; everything from personal life to national security is inseparable from it. With the emergence of quantum computing, traditional encryption methods are at risk of being cracked. People are beginning to explore methods for defending against quantum computer attacks. Among the methods currently developed, quantum key distribution is a technology that uses the principles of quantum mechanics to distribute keys. Post-quantum encryption algorithms are encryption methods that rely on mathematical challenges that quantum computers cannot solve quickly to ensure security. In this study, an integrated review of post-quantum encryption algorithms is conducted from the perspective of traditional cryptography. First, the concept and development background of post-quantum encryption are introduced. Then, the post-quantum encryption algorithm Kyber is studied. Finally, the achievements, difficulties and outstanding problems in this emerging field are summarized, and some predictions for the future are made.
Cryptography is the science of securing information by transforming it into a form that cannot be easily understood by unauthorized individuals. Traditional cryptography is based on mathematical problems that are difficult to solve, but as quantum computers become more powerful, these problems will become easier to solve. Quantum cryptography is a promising approach to data security that is immune to attack by quantum computers. It uses the principles of quantum mechanics to create secure communication channels. This article provides an overview of quantum cryptography, including the basic principles, different types of quantum cryptographic protocols, and some of the challenges that are still being addressed. The article also discusses the potential of quantum cryptography to revolutionize data security in the future.