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Physical Review A

Antihydrogen formation from laser-assisted antiproton-positronium collisions

Kévin Lévêque-Simon, Paul-Antoine Hervieux

Published May 30, 2023• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The formation of antihydrogen atoms from three-body collisions between positronium atoms and antiprotons plays a crucial role in the gravitational behavior of antihydrogen at rest (GBAR) experiment devoted to the measure of the action of gravity on antimatter. One of the main challenges facing this experiment is to find the means for increasing the production of antihydrogens which are produced by the reaction $\overline{p}+\text{Ps}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\overline{\text{H}}+{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ with an extremely low rate. Along these lines, we investigate here the possibility to influence the collision process by using a laser field. A perturbative approach combining the Coulomb-Born approximation for modeling the charged-particle collision and a first-order perturbation theory for describing laser-atom interactions is employed to estimate laser-mediated charge-exchange cross sections. By carefully considering the laser specifications compatible with the experimental constraints, we present an extensive study of the influence of the laser parameters (laser wavelength and intensity) on the cross sections in the energy range of interest for GBAR. We show that under special irradiation conditions the rate of antihydrogen production may be significantly increased by the presence of the laser field.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.107.052813

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In the first Born approximation, antihydrogen formation in the laser-assisted collision between an antiproton and a positronium is studied. It is found that the antihydrogen formation cross section is notably enhanced at lower impact energy due to the laser modification. For a geometry of laser polarization parallel to the incident direction, the result is modified to the maximum.

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The formation of antihydrogen atoms from three-body collisions between positronium atoms and antiprotons plays a crucial role in the gravitational behavior of antihydrogen at rest (GBAR) experiment devoted to the measure of the action of gravity on antimatter. One of the main challenges facing this experiment is to find the means for increasing the production of antihydrogens which are produced by the reaction p‾+Ps\ensuremath→H‾+e\ensuremath−\overline{p}+\text{Ps}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\overline{\text{H}}+{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}p​+Ps\ensuremath→H+e\ensuremath− with an extremely low rate. Along these lines, we investigate here the possibility to influence the collision process by using a laser field. A perturbative approach combining the Coulomb-Born approximation for modeling the charged-particle collision and a first-order perturbation theory for describing laser-atom interactions is employed to estimate laser-mediated charge-exchange cross sections. By carefully considering the laser specifications compatible with the experimental constraints, we present an extensive study of the influence of the laser parameters (laser wavelength and intensity) on the cross sections in the energy range of interest for GBAR. We show that under special irradiation conditions the rate of antihydrogen production may be significantly increased by the presence of the laser field.
The formation of antihydrogen in the laser-assisted charge-transfer reaction between the antiproton and positronium is investigated within the first Born approximation, including dressing of the asymptotic scattering states by the laser field. Through a quantitative study it is shown that, if the field intensity is sufficiently high so as to begin influencing the charge-exchange cross section, the positronium will break up and therefore lower the production of antihydrogen. This conclusion is in contrast to results recently reported by Li et al. [Phys. Rev. A 59, 1697 (1999)], where an enhancement effect is predicted using a similar model for the antihydrogen formation, but neglecting the role of the photobreakup channel.
Laser-assisted antihydrogen (H‾)(\overline{\mathrm{H}})(H) formation cross sections (differential and total) for collisions of antiprotons with positronium (Ps) are studied in the framework of the eikonal approximation for two geometries, when the field polarization is parallel $({\ensuremath{\Vert}}^{L})$ or perpendicular $({\ensuremath{\perp}}^{r})$ to the incident Ps momentum. The variations of the H‾\overline{\mathrm{H}}H formation cross sections with respect to the field strength and the laser photon energy are studied for the multiphoton (absorption and emission) processes. The contribution of the atomic (both Ps and H‾\overline{\mathrm{H}}H) dressing terms to the enhancement of the H‾\overline{\mathrm{H}}H formation cross section is studied for both the geometries (${\ensuremath{\Vert}}^{L}$ and ${\ensuremath{\perp}}^{r}$). The most important prediction from the present work is the enhancement of the field-free (FF) H‾\overline{\mathrm{H}}H formation cross sections particularly at lower incident energies when the system (Ps+p‾)(\mathrm{Ps}+\overline{p})(Ps+p​) is irradiated by a single mode, linearly polarized laser, the enhancement being more pronounced for a wider range of incident energy in the ${\ensuremath{\perp}}^{r}$ geometry than in the ${\ensuremath{\Vert}}^{L}$ one.
L’expérience GBAR vise à mesurer la chute libre d’atomes d’antihydrogène ultra-froids (neV). Cela implique de produire des ions d’antihydrogène, obtenus à l’issue de deux réactions d’échange de charge faisant intervenir des antiprotons et des atomes de positronium. Le but de ce travail est d’étudier la possibilité d’augmenter les taux de production d’atomes et d’ions antihydrogène produits, en assistant les deux réactions par laser. Les sections efficaces sont obtenues aux énergies d’antiproton de GBAR (1 - 10keV), en utilisant une approche semi-perturbative proposée par Byron et Joachain. Celle-ci permet de décrire simultanément l’interaction électron-atome (Coulomb Born Approximation ou Continuum Distorted Waves - Final State), l’interaction électron-laser (états de Volkov),et les interactions laser-atomes (premier ordre de la théorie des perturbations dépendantes du temps). L’excitation depuis l’état 1s du positronium par le processus de transition virtuel à un photon est étudiée, en considérant des lasers dont les longueurs d’onde sont proches de 243 nm (raie Lyman-α). Une adaptation de ces lasers est ensuite proposée afin d’exciter les états 3s et 3d (Paschen-β). Les décalages Doppler résultants de la distribution de vitesse du nuage de positronium sont également pris en compte, aux énergies de confinement de 25 meV et 48 meV. Finalement, le nombre d’antiatomes produits est estimé. Comparativement à la situation où les collisions ne sont pas assistées par un laser, les pertes induites par les processus de photo-ionisation et de photo-détachement sont évaluées.
This work reports on experiments in which antihydrogen atoms have been produced in cryogenic Penning traps from antiproton and positron plasmas by two different methods and on experiments that have been carried out subsequently in order to investigate the antihydrogen atoms. By the first method antihydrogen atoms have been formed during the process of positron cooling of antiprotons in so called nested Penning traps and detected via a field ionization method. A linear dependence of the number of detected antihydrogen atoms on the number of positrons has been found. A measurement of the state distribution has revealed that the antihydrogen atoms are formed in highly excited states. This suggests along with the high production rate that the antihydrogen atoms are formed by three-body recombination processes and subsequent collisional deexcitations. However current theory cannot yet account for the measured state distribution. Typical radii of the detected antihydrogen atoms lie in the range between 0.4 µm and 0.15 µm. The deepest bound antihydrogen atoms have radii below 0.1 µm. Antihydrogen atoms with that size have chaotic positron orbits so that for the first time antihydrogen atoms have been detected that cannot be described by the GCA-model. The kinetic energy of the weakest bound antihydrogen atoms has been measured to about 200 meV, which corresponds to an antihydrogen velocity of approximately 6200 m/s. A simple model suggests that these atoms are formed from only one deexcitation collision and methods that might lead to a decrease of the antihydrogen velocity are presented. By the second method antihydrogen atoms have been synthesized in charge-exchange processes. Lasers are used to produce a Rydberg cesium beam within the cryogenic Penning trap that collides with trapped positrons so that Rydberg positronium atoms are formed via charge-exchange reactions. Due to their charge neutrality the Rydberg positronium atoms are free to leave the positron trapping region. The Rydberg positronium atoms that collide with nearby stored antiprotons form antihydrogen atoms in charge-exchange reactions. So far, 14 +/- 4 antihydrogen atoms have been detected background-free via a field-ionization method. The antihydrogen atoms produced via the two-step charge-exchange mechanism are expected to have a temperature of 4.2 K, the temperature of the antiprotons from which they are formed. A method is proposed by which the antihydrogen temperature can be determined with an accuracy of better than 1 K from a measurement of the time delay between antihydrogen annihilation events and the laser pulse that initiates the antihydrogen production via the production of Rydberg cesium atoms. First experiments have been carried out during the last days of the 2004 beam time, but the number of detected antihydrogen annihilations has been too low for a determination of the antihydrogen temperature. Trapped antiprotons have been directly exposed to laser light delivered by a Titanium:Sapphire laser in order to investigate if the laser light causes any loss on the trapped antiprotons. Experiments have shown that no extra loss occurs for laser powers of less than 590 mW. This is an important result against the background of the future plan to confine antihydrogen atoms in a combined Penning-Ioffe trap and then to carry out laser spectroscopy on these atoms, since it reveals that laser light does not cause an increase of the pressure in the trapping region to the extend that annihilations with the background gas become noticeable. The ATRAP Collaboration plans to precisely investigate antihydrogen atoms. The ultimate goal is to test the CPT-theorem by a high precision measurement of the 1S-2S transition of antihydrogen and a comparison with the precisely known value of the corresponding transition in hydrogen. This thesis presents the achievement of the first step towards this challenging goal: the production of cold antihydrogen itself.
Three body recombination (TBR) process for the formation of antihydrogen () inside a trapped plasma of antiprotons () and positrons (e+), supposed to be the most efficient mechanism for the production of cold and trapped antihydrogen is studied quantum mechanically. Present study also involves a background laser field anticipating further enhancement of the formation cross sections. Significantly large cross sections are obtained in the presence of the field at lower incident energies as compared to the field free ones. Cross sections are enhanced for higher excited states of ().