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Wave Electronics and its Application in Information and Telecommunication Systems (WECONF)

Modular Facility of Quantum Key Distribution in a Free Space

D. V. Bolotov, Sergey Yu. Kazantsev, Natalia V. Pchelkina, S. N. Kuznetsov, M. Yu. Kernosov

Published May 29, 2023• 10 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The possibility of implementing the technology of quantum key distribution on discrete variables in free space is demonstrated. The experimental setup is based on mass produced equipment – terminals for atmospheric optical communication lines and the scientific and educational complex EMQOS 1.0. The latter is designed for conducting educational and research work in the field of quantum optics. The nodes that need to be modified in equipment have been identified. Both terminals for atmospheric optical communication lines and quantum key distribution units were modified accordingly in order to implement the modular principle of building quantum communication systems in the atmosphere.

DOI
10.1109/weconf57201.2023.10148017

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The possibility of implementing the technology of quantum key distribution on discrete variables in free space is demonstrated. The experimental setup is based on mass produced equipment – terminals for atmospheric optical communication lines and the scientific and educational complex EMQOS 1.0. The latter is designed for conducting educational and research work in the field of quantum optics. The nodes that need to be modified in equipment have been identified. Both terminals for atmospheric optical communication lines and quantum key distribution units were modified accordingly in order to implement the modular principle of building quantum communication systems in the atmosphere.
The possibility of quantum key distribution in the atmosphere has been experimentally demonstrated by coupling commercially available quantum key distribution units designed for fiber-optic communication lines with atmospheric optical communication terminals. For distances up to 3100 m, data on losses in a quantum channel on an optical path were obtained and the influence of systems for intelligent adjustment of atmospheric communication terminals on the synchronization system of quantum communication blocks was studied. It has been established that failures of synchronization systems in the case of quantum key distribution in the atmosphere at distances greater than 10 m are due to the peculiarities of the algorithm implemented in the quantum communication unit. Keywords: quantum key distribution, atmospheric optical communication lines, FSO, decoy-state BB84 protocol, polarization coding.
Subject of study. This study examined the applicability of quantum key distribution (QKD) technology under free-space atmospheric conditions. Aim of study. The objective was the development of a hardware and software system for investigating the applicability of QKD technology in wireless communication systems based on commercially available modules. The system includes optical blocks for atmospheric optical communication and a training setup for studying QKD in fiber-optic communication lines. Method. The characteristics of a quantum communication channel in free-space conditions were studied through experiments. The channel was formed by the QKD units of the EMQOS 1.0 scientific and educational complex, integrated with optical blocks for atmospheric optical communication. The systems were also upgraded to minimize losses in the quantum channel. Main results. A hardware and software system was developed, within which the transmission of a quantum key through free-space atmospheric conditions over a distance of 180 m was successfully demonstrated. The quantum bit error rate did not exceed 6%. This system enabled the study of the effects of weather conditions on optical losses in the quantum communication channel and the quantum key generation rate. Practical significance. The developed hardware and software system allows the monitoring of the parameters of both classical and quantum communication channels in free space under various weather conditions. Its modular structure enables the integration of other quantum equipment for comparative testing of the performance of quantum communication systems under real atmospheric transmission conditions.
The results of the analysis of laboratory complexes for training specialists in the field of quantum communications are presented. This review examines laboratory installations that are mass-produced and supplied to educational institutions. A classification and comparative analysis of the characteristics of these educational and research complexes has been performed. The review focuses on the analysis of the possibilities of educational laboratory complexes for use in scientific research that can be performed using this equipment. Perspective developments with the highest potential of applications in the implementation of scientific work of students in the field of quantum communications have been identified. The functional capabilities of the EMQOS 1.0 scientific and educational complex and examples of its application in scientific research are reviewed in detail. The results of studies performed using this complex in experiments on the implementation of quantum key distribution in a free atmosphere and hybrid communication lines are analyzed. The possibilities of using the EMQOS 1.0 complex to research various external influences on a fiber-optic cable through which a quantum communication channel is implemented and also the possibility of conducting metrological tests of key elements of quantum key distribution equipment, are reviewed. A number of disadvantages of the complex have been identified, the elimination of which can significantly improve the functional properties of the complex for use in scientific research. Based on research example made by various teams, options for using the complex as part of research stands are proposed, which show the significant potential of the complex for further modernization and usage in scientific research.
The possibility of quantum key distribution in the atmosphere has been experimentally demonstrated by coupling commercially available quantum key distribution units designed for fiber-optic communication lines with atmospheric optical communication terminals. For distances up to 3100m, data on losses in a quantum channel on an optical path were obtained and the influence of systems for intelligent adjustment of atmospheric communication terminals on the synchronization system of quantum communication blocks was studied. It has been established that failures of synchronization systems in the case of quantum key distribution in the atmosphere at distances greater than 10m are due to the peculiarities of the algorithm implemented in the quantum communication unit.
The article considers a communication system including quantum cryptographic equipment implementing quantum key distribution, in which there is a section of atmospheric optical communication line. The methodology and results of an experimental study of the influence of external nature factors on the efficiency of the communication system using an atmospheric optical communication line are discussed. The research method is based on monitoring the key indicators of the telecommunication channel of the communication network, which determine the quality of the communication system as a whole, such as data transfer rate, error rate, percentage of packet losses. The experiment was conducted on a communication system including a section of atmospheric optical communication line and terminals. The results of the study showed a significant influence of weather factors on the characteristics of the atmospheric optical channel. The data obtained emphasize the need to take into account the influence of external factors in the design and operation of communication systems with an atmospheric optical communication line
This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the application of quantum key distribution technology in atmospheric optical communication lines to ensure the information security of transmitted information in urban infrastructure conditions and between critical infrastructure industrial facilities. The necessity of applying quantum key distribution technology in atmospheric optical communication channels is substantiated. The results of numerical modeling of quantum key distribution performance indicators confirm the need for their preliminary numerical analysis taking into account regional meteorological statistical data when designing network segments including atmospheric quantum key distribution systems. The developed software package enables optimization of system parameters for specific climatic conditions and channel topology which increases the efficiency of deploying secure networks including atmospheric optical channels for energy, financial and industrial facilities. The developed software package, implementing a physically based methodology for accounting for cumulative losses in such a communication channel, enables a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of quantum key distribution taking into account turbulence, absorption, scattering, geometric losses, meteorological conditions and the characteristics of the detection equipment. The practical significance of the complex lies in the ability to optimize system parameters (wavelength, aperture diameter, transmitter power, etc.) for specific climatic conditions and channel topology, which is critical when designing secure networks that include atmospheric optical channels.