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Modern Physical Chemistry Research

Visualization and analysis of electronic fine structure electron cloud

Jie Huang, Sihui Yan

Published Jan 1, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Electron spin and orbital interaction outside the nucleus is a classical and important problem in quantum mechanics. In this paper, a simplified model is constructed for the phenomenon of atomic energy level splitting in weak magnetic field in quantum mechanics, and the wave function of the fine structure of hydrogen-like atoms under perturbation is derived. According to the probability interpretation of quantum mechanics, we obtain the probability density function of the fine structure electron cloud of hydrogen-like atoms. The Monte Carlo selection method is used to sample, and the electron cloud images under different quantum numbers are drawn by Mathematica software. The experimental results are explained regularly, so that people can intuitively understand the distribution of electron cloud in three-dimensional space.

DOI
10.23977/mpcr.2023.030101

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It is shown that the approximation of a strong Coulomb interaction between electrons results in a new model of the atom with a spatial quantization of electrons accompanied by their quantization in energy. This model implies that electrons rotate in circular orbits centered outside the atomic nucleus and only orbit axes pass through it. The Coulomb interaction between electrons leads to a spherically symmetric distribution of their orbits on the surfaces of equipotential spheres of a spherically symmetric electrostatic field of the nucleus. The distribution is similar to “inscribing” electron orbits into faces of regular nucleus-centered polyhedra so each polyhedron corresponds to a certain electron state (s, p, d, f), and a certain set of polyhedra corresponds to a certain period of the Mendeleev Table. It is shown that a spherically symmetric distribution of electron orbits gives rise to the formation of electron pairs in which electron orbits with a common axis are located symmetrically with respect to the nucleus and the orbital magnetic moments of the electrons are oppositely directed. The physical meaning of the electron spin concept becomes clear. The spin turns out to be related to the orbital magnetic moment of an electron and reflects the fact that two electrons of a pair rotate in opposite directions relative to their common axis. So the spin is one of characteristics of the electron state in the atom associated with electron rotation in the orbit centered outside the nucleus. The atomic model gives an insight into the periodicity of changes in the atomic properties with increasing nuclear charge and the reasons for an electron double energy quantization associated with different states and periods. The model shows that the atomic structure and properties can be explained by using concepts of classical mechanics and classical electrodynamics which regard the electron as a particle.