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IEEE Access

Physical Layer Security of Dual-Hop Hybrid FSO-mmWave Systems

Saud Althunibat, Sezer Can Tokgoz, Serhan Yarkan, Scott L. Miller, Khalid A. Qaraqe

Published Jan 1, 2023• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Hybrid free-space optical (FSO) and millimeter wave (mmWave) systems have been proposed as an efficient solution to improve spectral efficiency and maintain link reliability. The comparable supported data rate and the complementary characteristics in different weather conditions of both links, i.e., FSO and mmWave) have attracted research efforts towards analyzing the different performance aspects of hybrid FSO-mmWave systems. Following this direction, in this article, the physical-layer security analysis of the dual-hop hybrid FSO-mmWave systems is addressed. In the considered system, both FSO and mmWave links are simultaneously used to carry data at each hop, while an eavesdropper is assumed to present to wiretap either one or both links. The analysis includes building a mathematical framework to derive different secrecy metrics, such as the average secrecy capacity, secrecy outage probability and effective secrecy throughput metrics, in mathematical expressions. Obtained analytical results are verified using Monte Carlo simulations where exact matching are achieved. Moreover, the presented results include investigation of the impact of the different operational parameters on the overall secrecy performance.

DOI
10.1109/access.2023.3283293

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Hybrid free-space optical (FSO) and millimeter wave (mmWave) systems have been proposed as an efficient solution to improve spectral efficiency and maintain link reliability. The comparable supported data rate and the complementary characteristics in different weather conditions of both links, i.e., FSO and mmWave) have attracted research efforts towards analyzing the different performance aspects of hybrid FSO-mmWave systems. Following this direction, in this article, the physical-layer security analysis of the dual-hop hybrid FSO-mmWave systems is addressed. In the considered system, both FSO and mmWave links are simultaneously used to carry data at each hop, while an eavesdropper is assumed to present to wiretap either one or both links. The analysis includes building a mathematical framework to derive different secrecy metrics, such as the average secrecy capacity, secrecy outage probability and effective secrecy throughput metrics, in mathematical expressions. Obtained analytical results are verified using Monte Carlo simulations where exact matching are achieved. Moreover, the presented results include investigation of the impact of the different operational parameters on the overall secrecy performance.
Hybrid Free-Space Optical (FSO) and millimeter Wave (mmWave) systems have emerged as a promising candidate for high data rate wireless transmissions due to the unique complementary properties against the different channel and environment conditions. Consequently, in this study, we investigate the hybrid FSO-mmWave systems from a physical-layer security point of view in the presence of a hybrid type eavesdropper, where the communication between two legitimate peers takes place over both FSO and RF links simultaneously. We examine practical scenarios to eavesdrop the legitimate communication and discuss the effects of random radio power of mmWave link and optical irradiance of FSO link on the probability of achieving a secure transmission. The impact of the fundamental physical layer parameters on the secrecy performance of the hybrid system is analyzed by obtaining closed-form derivations of the probability of strictly positive secrecy capacity (SPSC) for correlated wiretap channels.
Hybrid Free-Space Optical (FSO) and millimeter Wave (mmWave) systems have emerged as a promising candidate for high data rate wireless transmissions due to the unique complementary properties against the different channel and environment conditions. Consequently, in this study, we investigate the hybrid FSO-mmWave systems from a physical-layer security point of view in the presence of different types of eavesdroppers, where the communication between two legitimate peers takes place over both FSO and RF links simultaneously. In particular, exponential atmospheric turbulence and Weibull fading channels are considered for FSO and mmWave links, respectively. We examine practical scenarios to eavesdrop the legitimate communication, and discuss the effects of random radio power of mmWave link and optical irradiance of FSO link on the probability of achieving a secure transmission. The impact of the fundamental physical layer parameters on the secrecy performance of the hybrid system is analyzed by obtaining analytical derivations of the probability of strictly positive secrecy capacity (SPSC) for different types of eavesdroppers, namely RF-, FSO- and Hybrid-Eve. In the light of results, we show that the analytical expressions are in exact agreement with the Monte-Carlo simulations.
In this paper, the physical layer security (PLS) analysis for a decode-and-forward (DF) protocol based multi-hop hybrid radio frequency (RF)/ free space optics (FSO) is presented. Herein, two different scenarios are considered for detecting the secured information at the destination. In the first scenario, at each hop, the received signals with higher secrecy capacity are selected. However, in the second scenario, the RF and FSO signals are simply decoded and forwarded to the next hop and selection is done at the last hop only. Each node in the system is connected to its subsequent node through parallel RF and FSO links. The FSO links and RF links are characterized by Málaga (M\mathcal {M}M) and Nakagami-mmmcomposite distributions respectively. For both scenarios, the secrecy outage probability (SOP), strictly positive secrecy capacity (SPSC), intercept probability (IP), and effective secrecy throughput (EST) are obtained as performance metrics. These performance metrics are obtained by considering pointing error, different optical signal detection methods, turbulence effect, and the RF link fading parameter (mmm). Using the results, the security and reliability trade-off analysis is discussed for two scenarios. In addition, the asymptotic results are also obtained to study the system in depth. Further, the secrecy diversity order (SDO) and secrecy coding gain (SCG) are obtained to analyse the system in depth. Finally, Monte-Carlo Simulation is performed to verify the obtained results. The results manifest that the scenario with selection at each hop provides better secrecy performance than the scenario with selection at the last hop.
In this paper, the secrecy performance of the physical layer security (PLS) of the hybrid free-space optical/radio frequency (FSO/RF) communication system is analyzed. The transmission protocol of the considered system is performed under the eavesdropper's attempt to overhear the RF link between the transmitter and legitimate receiver of the hybrid system. The FSO link is characterized by Málaga-M distribution while the RF links are modeled by Nakagami-m distribution. The two practical eavesdropping modes considered in this paper include: colluding and non-colluding. Exact closed-form expressions for the system's secrecy outage probability (SOP), the asymptotic of the SOP (SOP∞), the probability of strictly positive secrecy capacity (SPSC), the average secrecy capacity (ASC), and the asymptotic of the ASC (ASC∞), are specifically derived under the influence of both eavesdropper modes. Our derived analytical expressions present an efficient tool to investigate the impact of some channel parameters on the secrecy performance, namely the fading severity of the RF links, atmospheric turbulence severity, pointing error of the FSO link, number of eavesdroppers, and the power of the eavesdropper links. The results show that the increase of the eavesdroppers' number under both modes profoundly degrades the considered system secrecy performance. The accuracy of the numerical results obtained is validated by Monte-Carlo simulations.
In this article, we study the physical-layer security performance of the mixed millimeter-wave (mm-wave) radio frequency (RF) assisted free-space optical (FSO) system as a future candidate transmission technology. The Rician and the Gamma-Gamma fading are investigated for the mm-wave RF and the FSO channels, respectively. More precisely, to analyze the secrecy performance of our considered system, we derive exact closed-form expressions for the average secrecy capacity and lower bound of the secrecy outage probability. Our considered system model involves the fixed-gain and the variable-gain relaying protocols, mm-wave characteristics and pointing errors in the RF and the FSO links and finally the heterodyne detection and the intensity modulation with direct detection techniques. Monte Carlo simulation results are provided to verify our analytical results and also to investigate the effects of mentioned parameters and techniques in the security performance of the proposed mixed system.
Effects of Eavesdropper on the Performance of Mixed η\etaη–μ\muμ and DGG Cooperative Relaying System
Free-space optical (FSO) channels offer line-of-sight wireless communication with high data rates utilizing unlicensed optical spectrum. The hybrid radio frequency (RF)–FSO system is currently receiving a great deal of research interest because atmospheric turbulence prevents enhanced secrecy performance. Except for the double generalized gamma (DGG) model, traditional FSO models typically are unable to show secrecy performance across all turbulence severity ranges. Due to this, we propose a dual-hopη\etaη–μ\muμand unified DGG mixed RF–FSO network while taking into account the following three different eavesdropping scenarios: 1) the eavesdropper is at the RF link; 2) the eavesdropper is at the FSO link; and 3) both eavesdroppers remains active simultaneously. These proposed scenarios' security is examined in terms of the probability, of strictly positive secrecy capacity, secure outage probability and effective secrecy throughput, and further investigation is done into the implications of various system settings on the secrecy performance. The analysis shows that, when compared to the other two scenarios, the third scenario exhibits the worst secrecy condition. Intensity modulation/direct detection (IM/DD) and heterodyne detection (HD) approaches are compared, with HD outperforming IM/DD in terms of secrecy performance. Finally, Monte Carlo simulations are used to confirm all analytical findings.