Quantum-secure communication and computation have garnered increasing attention due to their powerful search capabilities for certain complex problems and their ability to provide unconditional security. This indicates that classical cryptography, such as asymmetric ciphers based on complex mathematics, faces a significant threat from quantum algorithms. However, quantum cryptography can detect any attempt to eavesdrop on a channel. As a result, the investigation and implementation of quantum computers and quantum-secure communication networks have become essential objectives for numerous research teams. This paper provides an overview of quantum cryptography, including its development, and focuses on the theoretical aspect of quantum secure direct communication (QSDC). This helps readers understand the theoretical operating principles and gain a better understanding of the entire quantum characteristic and protocol operation in the QSDC field. QSDC enables secure communication without previously shared private keys, making it a crucial topic in quantum cryptography research. This paper provides an overview of several well-known versions of QSDC in theory, discussing their applications, challenges and potential future directions.
Quantum-secure communication and computation have garnered increasing attention due to their powerful search capabilities for certain complex problems and their ability to provide unconditional security. This indicates that classical cryptography, such as asymmetric ciphers based on complex mathematics, faces a significant threat from quantum algorithms. However, quantum cryptography can detect any attempt to eavesdrop on a channel. As a result, the investigation and implementation of quantum computers and quantum-secure communication networks have become essential objectives for numerous research teams. This paper provides an overview of quantum cryptography, including its development, and focuses on the theoretical aspect of quantum secure direct communication (QSDC). This helps readers understand the theoretical operating principles and gain a better understanding of the entire quantum characteristic and protocol operation in the QSDC field. QSDC enables secure communication without previously shared private keys, making it a crucial topic in quantum cryptography research. This paper provides an overview of several well-known versions of QSDC in theory, discussing their applications, challenges and potential future directions.
Quantum computing and secure communication have gained considerable interest in recent years, as quantum computing has a potent ability to accelerate certain complex problems, such as factoring problems and discrete logarithms, which are important foundations of traditional computer security. With the rapid development of quantum computers, some secure communication protocols based on certain mathematical problems will face a significant danger, and quantum properties can be used to construct quantum secure communication and quantum cryptography that can achieve unconditional security. Among many topics of quantum cryptography, quantum secret sharing (QSS) is an important and challenging issue that provides scenarios to store highly sensitive, important, and confidential information. In this article, we systematically illustrate the development of QSS and how it operates, as well as its challenging issues and future directions.
Communication security has to evolve to a higher plane in the face of the threat from the massive computing power of the emerging quantum computers. Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) constitutes a promising branch of quantum communication, which is provably secure and overcomes the threat of quantum computing, whilst conveying secret messages directly via the quantum channel. In this survey, we highlight the motivation and the status of QSDC research with special emphasis on its theoretical basis and experimental verification. We will detail the associated point-to-point communication protocols and show how information is protected and transmitted. Finally, we discuss the open challenges as well as the future trends of QSDC networks, emphasizing again that QSDC is not a pure quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol, but a fully-fledged secure communication scheme.
The development of modern computer technologies endangers the confidentiality of information, which is usually ensured by traditional cryptographic means. This circumstance forces us to look for new methods of protection. In view of modern trends, quantum cryptography methods can become such alternatives, which allow solving a number of important cryptographic problems, for which the impossibility of solving using only classical (that is, non-quantum) communication has been proven. Quantum cryptography is a branch of quantum informatics that studies methods of protecting information by using quantum carriers. The possibility of such protection is ensured by the fundamental laws of quantum mechanics. One of the promising directions of quantum cryptography is Quantum Secure Direct Communication (QSDC) that offers secure communication without any shared key. A characteristic feature of this method is the absence of cryptographic transformations, accordingly, there is no key distribution problem. The purpose of this work is a general overview of quantum cryptography protocols, finding their weak points for further development and improvement, as well as identifying vulnerabilities to different attacks. The article analyzes new methods and protocols, as well as presents their advantages and disadvantages. Based on partial generalizations of theoretical provisions and practical achievements in the field of quantum cryptography, a generalized classification was developed. By comparing various factors of the protocols, and their resistance to certain cyberattacks, we have the opportunity to identify several problems in this field and expand the possibilities for choosing appropriate methods for building modern quantum information protection systems. In accordance with this, conclusions were presented regarding the use of protocols and increasing the level of their effectiveness.
Quantum Secure Direct Communication (QSDC) is a distinctive protocol of quantum communication. It communicates confidential message straight through a quantum channel without a requirement of secret key and cipher-text. It is not solely useful in preventing eavesdropping throughout transmission, but additionally removes the security flaw related with storing and managing the key. Therefore, this protocol of secure communication is different from its typical equivalents and other quantum protocols. In this article, we will bring out the facts that how QSDC is different and better than other protocols of Quantum Communication. The transient details of all the protocols of Quantum communication are studied rigorously and compared with QSDC to demonstrate how QSDC is capable of overcoming the loopholes/shortcomings of alternative protocols. In this paper, protocols of QSDC to mitigate the possible threats available in practical QSDC are discussed and one of the protocol Measurement Device Independent QSDC is demonstrated along with the efficacy of results verified using quantum simulator and quantum machine. The results demonstrate its potential over other protocols of quantum communication and contribution towards empowering secure communication. With the benefits of QSDC over other protocols, it helps as mitigating technique for the possible threats available in other protocols of Quantum communication.
The emergence of quantum computing has introduced both opportunities and threats to modern secure communication systems. Classical cryptographic algorithms, which rely on computational complexity, are vulnerable to quantum algorithms capable of solving problems such as integer factorization and discrete logarithms efficiently. This paper explores the role of quantum computing in secure communication, focusing on quantum cryptographic techniques such as Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and Quantum Secure Direct Communication (QSDC). A comprehensive review of existing literature is presented, followed by an analysis of methodologies used in quantum-secure communication systems. The study evaluates the advantages, limitations, and practical challenges of implementing quantum communication technologies. Finally, future research directions and the integration of quantum technologies into next-generation communication networks are discussed.
The rapid advancement of quantum computing poses a significant threat to classical cryptographic systems that rely on the computational hardness of mathematical problems such as integer factorization and discrete logarithm problems. In this context, quantum cryptography has emerged as a promising paradigm for secure communication based on the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics rather than on computational assumptions. This paper presents a comprehensive review of quantum cryptography, with a particular focus on Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), the most mature application. The study discusses the theoretical foundations of quantum security, including superposition, entanglement, and the No-cloning theorem, which collectively enable eavesdropping detection and guarantee information-theoretic security. Furthermore, the review examines major QKD protocols, such as BB84 and E91, as well as their advanced variants designed to address practical vulnerabilities and enhance performance. Recent progress in real-world implementations, including fiber-optic networks, free-space communication, and satellite-based systems such as the Micius satellite, is also analyzed. In addition, the paper highlights critical challenges related to scalability, hardware limitations, and security loopholes arising from imperfect devices. Finally, emerging research directions, including hybrid cryptographic frameworks that integrate quantum and post-quantum approaches, are discussed to provide insights into the future of secure communication. This review aims to provide a structured, up-to-date understanding of quantum cryptography, bridging the gap between theoretical developments and practical implementations, and emphasizing its crucial role in shaping next-generation cybersecurity systems.