Quantum computing has emerged as a promising paradigm, offering significant advancements in solving complex problems that are intractable for classical computers. These systems often involve integrated classical-quantum architectures, where classical components control and communicate with quantum devices. While this integration unlocks the potential of quantum computing, it also introduces new security vulnerabilities and challenges that must be addressed to ensure secure and reliable classical-quantum computing. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the security concerns related to classical-quantum systems and discusses potential countermeasures. Specifically, we first investigate secure communication with a quantum device through side-channel analysis of post-quantum encryption algorithms. Next, we analyze security vulnerabilities in quantum devices. Finally, we explore mitigation strategies as well as the role of quantum compilation for securing quantum devices. By examining and addressing these critical security concerns, we aim to contribute to the development of a secure and robust foundation for the future of quantum computing. This work will be a stepping stone in secure and trustworthy deployment of integrated classicalquantum systems across various application domains.
Quantum computing has emerged as a promising paradigm, offering significant advancements in solving complex problems that are intractable for classical computers. These systems often involve integrated classical-quantum architectures, where classical components control and communicate with quantum devices. While this integration unlocks the potential of quantum computing, it also introduces new security vulnerabilities and challenges that must be addressed to ensure secure and reliable classical-quantum computing. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the security concerns related to classical-quantum systems and discusses potential countermeasures. Specifically, we first investigate secure communication with a quantum device through side-channel analysis of post-quantum encryption algorithms. Next, we analyze security vulnerabilities in quantum devices. Finally, we explore mitigation strategies as well as the role of quantum compilation for securing quantum devices. By examining and addressing these critical security concerns, we aim to contribute to the development of a secure and robust foundation for the future of quantum computing. This work will be a stepping stone in secure and trustworthy deployment of integrated classicalquantum systems across various application domains.
Quantum computing has emerged as a transformative computing paradigm capable of solving problems that remain computationally infeasible for classical systems; however, its rapid advancement also introduces significant security, privacy, and reliability concerns. In this context, this survey presents a comprehensive review of security challenges and mitigation strategies associated with quantum computing, focusing on security issues in quantum computers, security threats caused by quantum computers, and security mechanisms developed for quantum systems. The paper examines vulnerabilities in quantum hardware and software, the impact of quantum computing on existing cryptographic infrastructures and cybersecurity mechanisms, and the development of quantum-resilient solutions such as post-quantum cryptography, quantum-safe communication protocols, quantum intrusion detection systems, and quantum-aware software engineering techniques. In addition, the survey discusses emerging applications of quantum technologies in cybersecurity domains, including malware detection, network intrusion detection, Internet of Things (IoT) security, and secure communication systems. Furthermore, the paper analyzes existing quantum error mitigation and fault-tolerance approaches designed to improve the robustness and trustworthiness of quantum computation under realistic noisy conditions. By consolidating recent advances, open research challenges, and future directions, this survey provides a structured overview of the evolving intersection between quantum computing and cybersecurity, while serving as a reference for researchers and practitioners working toward secure, resilient, and quantum-ready computing infrastructures.
Quantum computing is becoming increasingly widespread due to the potential and capabilities to solve complex problems beyond the scope of classical computers. As Quantum Cloud services are adopted by businesses and research groups, they allow for greater progress and application in many fields. However, the inherent vulnerabilities of these environments pose significant security concerns. This survey delivers a comprehensive analysis of the security challenges that emerged in quantum cloud systems, with a distinct focus on multi-tenant vulnerabilities and the classical-quantum interface. Key threats such as crosstalk attacks, quantum-specific side-channel vulnerabilities, and insider threats are all examined, as well as their effects on the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of quantum circuits. The design and implementation of various quantum architectures from quantum cloud providers are also discussed. In addition, this paper delves into emerging quantum security solutions and best practices to mitigate these risks. This survey offers insights into current research gaps and proposes future directions for secure and resilient quantum cloud infrastructures.
The advent of quantum computing represents a transformative leap in computational power, offering the potential to solve complex problems beyond the reach of classical computers. However, this power also presents significant cybersecurity risks, as quantum algorithms can potentially break widely used encryption methods, jeopardizing data privacy and secure communications. This paper presents a comprehensive review of emerging quantum-related cybersecurity threats and explores defense mechanisms designed to mitigate these risks. We examine both theoretical and real-world implications of quantum computing on cryptographic systems, highlighting recent developments in post-quantum cryptography, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), and hybrid classical-quantum security solutions. This review aims to provide a foundational understanding of the threats quantum computing poses to cybersecurity and discusses current and future defenses essential for safeguarding digital infrastructure.
Quantum cryptography has emerged as a revolutionary technology for ensuring secure communication in the era of quantum computing. While existing research primarily focuses on theoretical frameworks and small-scale experimental setups, significant challenges remain in practical implementation, scalability, and security vulnerabilities. This study aims to bridge the gap between theory and real-world deployment by developing robust quantum cryptographic protocols that address key challenges such as noise management, side-channel attacks, and Trojan horse attacks. Additionally, we propose an optimized quantum key distribution (QKD) mechanism that ensures secure communication over long distances under realistic conditions. Our research integrates post-quantum cryptography with quantum cryptographic techniques to provide a hybrid security model that is resilient against both classical and quantum computing threats. By leveraging commercially available quantum hardware and advanced randomness extraction methods, this study contributes to the development of scalable, secure, and efficient quantum communication networks. The findings of this research will play a crucial role in advancing secure digital communication systems and fortifying data security in the post-quantum era.
Quantum cryptography has emerged as a revolutionary technology for ensuring secure communication in the era of quantum computing. While existing research primarily focuses on theoretical frameworks and small-scale experimental setups, significant challenges remain in practical implementation, scalability, and security vulnerabilities. This study aims to bridge the gap between theory and real-world deployment by developing robust quantum cryptographic protocols that address key challenges such as noise management, side-channel attacks, and Trojan horse attacks. Additionally, we propose an optimized quantum key distribution (QKD) mechanism that ensures secure communication over long distances under realistic conditions. Our research integrates post-quantum cryptography with quantum cryptographic techniques to provide a hybrid security model that is resilient against both classical and quantum computing threats. By leveraging commercially available quantum hardware and advanced randomness extraction methods, this study contributes to the development of scalable, secure, and efficient quantum communication networks. The findings of this research will play a crucial role in advancing secure digital communication systems and fortifying data security in the post-quantum era.
Quantum computing (QC) is an emerging paradigm with the potential to transform numerous application domains by addressing classically intractable problems. However, its growing presence in cyberspace has introduced new security and privacy challenges. Similar to classical computing systems, the QC stack including software and hardware relies extensively on third parties, many of which are emerging and trust-seeking or less-trusted. This stack often contains sensitive intellectual property (IP) that demands protection. Unique features of quantum systems can enable classical-style attacks: for instance, crosstalk in multitenant settings can facilitate fault-injection attacks, while malicious calibration services can misreport error rates or miscalibrate qubits to induce denial-of-service (DoS) conditions. Given the high cost and limited availability of likely trustworthy quantum hardware, users may be enticed to explore emerging and trust-seeking but cheaper and readily available quantum hardware, which can enable the stealth of IP and tampering of quantum programs and/or computation outcomes. Similarly, emerging compilation services may compromise circuit confidentiality or insert Trojans. Despite the strategic significance of QC and its potential to process sensitive information, its security and privacy concerns remain underexplored. This article presents a comprehensive overview of QC fundamentals, key vulnerabilities, recent attack vectors, and corresponding defenses, and concludes with directions for future research to strengthen the quantum security community.