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Chinese Physics B

Electromagnetically induced transparency via localized surface plasmon mode-assisted hybrid cavity QED

Xiaomiao 晓苗 Li 李, Famin 发民 Liu 刘, Zigeng Li, Hongyan 虹燕 Zhu 朱, Fan 帆 Wang 王, Xiaolan Zhong

Published May 22, 2023• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In recent years, most studies have focused on the perfect absorption and high-efficiency quantum memory of the one-sided system, ignoring the characteristics of its optical switching contrast. Thus, the performance of all-optical switching and optical transistors is limited. Herein, we propose a localized surface plasmon (LSP) mode-assisted cavity QED system which consists of a Λ -shaped three-level quantum emitter (QE), a metal nanoparticle and a one-sided optical cavity with a fully reflected mirror. In this system, the QE coherently couples to the cavity and LSP mode respectively, which is manipulated by the control field. As a result, considerably high and stable switch contrast of 90% can be achievable due to the strong confined field of the LSP mode and perfect absorption of the optical medium. In addition, we obtain a power dependent effect between the control field and the transmitted frequency as a result of the converted dark state. We employ the Heisenberg–Langevin equation and numerical master equation formalisms to explain high switching, controllable output light and the dark state. Our system introduces an effective method to improve the performance of optical switches based on the one-sided system in quantum information storage and quantum communication.

DOI
10.1088/1674-1056/acd7d2

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In recent years, most studies have focused on the perfect absorption and high-efficiency quantum memory of the one-sided system, ignoring the characteristics of its optical switching contrast. Thus, the performance of all-optical switching and optical transistors is limited. Herein, we propose a localized surface plasmon (LSP) mode-assisted cavity QED system which consists of a Λ -shaped three-level quantum emitter (QE), a metal nanoparticle and a one-sided optical cavity with a fully reflected mirror. In this system, the QE coherently couples to the cavity and LSP mode respectively, which is manipulated by the control field. As a result, considerably high and stable switch contrast of 90% can be achievable due to the strong confined field of the LSP mode and perfect absorption of the optical medium. In addition, we obtain a power dependent effect between the control field and the transmitted frequency as a result of the converted dark state. We employ the Heisenberg–Langevin equation and numerical master equation formalisms to explain high switching, controllable output light and the dark state. Our system introduces an effective method to improve the performance of optical switches based on the one-sided system in quantum information storage and quantum communication.
We theoretically studied the implementation of a quantum memory and an optical transistor in a system composed by a single atom trapped inside a high finesse cavity. In order to store and map the quantum state of an input pulse onto internal states of the single atom (quantum memory) we employ the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) phenomenon (which can work out as an optical transistor) where the information can be transferred to the dark state of the atom modelled by a three-level system in a Λ-type configuration. In our model we consider a suitable temporal shape for the control field that ensures the adiabaticity of the storage process and retrieval of the probe pulse. The dynamic of the field inside the cavity was obtained by master equation approach, while the outside field was calculated by input-output formalism. We have analysed two different setups: i) two-sided and ii) single-sided cavities. While the first setup is the most appropriate and commonly used to observe cavity-EIT in the transmission spectrum, thus the best configuration for the optical transistor, the maximum quantum memory efficiency can not reach reasonable values, being limited to 50% for symmetric cavities. On the other hand, with single-sided cavity the quantum memory efficiency increases considerably and can reach values close to 100% in the strong atom-field coupling regime. However this specific setup is not favourable to observe the cavity-EIT effect in the transmission spectrum and then it is not appropriate to control the transmission of light pulses.
Controlling quantum emitters (atoms, molecules, quantum dots, etc.), light, and its interactionsis a key issue for implementing all-optical devices and information processing at thequantum level. This generally necessitates a strong coupling of emitters to photonic modes,as achieved by a high-Q cavity, for efficient manipulation of the atoms and field dynamicsthrough cavity quantum electrodynamics (cQED).The integration of the principles of quantum optics at the nanoscale in a plasmonic platformhas been envisioned, on the basis of a possible strong coupling between a quantum emitter andthe surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) via their strong mode confinement. Recent progressshowed the possibility to reach such a strong coupling regime, allowing the development ofquantum plasmonics where a SPP mode takes the role of the cavity mode. However, its applicationappears notoriously limited in practical situations due to the intrinsic presence ofnumerous and lossy modes, which complicates the description and the interpretation of theinteraction, and introduces strong decoherence in the system, in particular for strong coupling.In this work, a detailed overview of quantum control applied to ion trapping, cQED, and plasmonics,is presented. The first part of the thesis is a study of adiabatic processes in trappedion systems and cQED:- We summarize quantum computation processes using quantum gates, and control usingadiabatic laser pulses with atomic systems.- We design arbitrary quantum gates with ions manipulated with laser pulses.- Models for cQED are derived and applied for the production of photon states leakingfrom a cavity.In the second part, we develop a formalism to describe the quantum dynamics of emitters closeto nanoscale structures, and numerics showing the strong coupling regime and the couplingof emitters via plasmon modes. More specifically:- We provide a general field quantization procedure for spherically layered systems.- Effective models using the field quantization are derived, and we show they are analogousto cQED models.- We describe the interaction of localized plasmons (LSPs) with quantum emitters.- The coupling/entanglement of emitters by adiabatic passage through lossy plasmonicmodes of a nanosphere is shown.
Hybrid nanoplasmonic systems can provide a promising platform of potential nonlinear applications due to the enhancement of optical fields near their surfaces in addition to the control of strong light-matter interactions they can afford. We theoretically investigated the optical multistability of a probe field that circulated along a unidirectional ring cavity containing a metal nanoparticle-graphene nanodisk-quantum dot hybrid system; the quantum dot was modeled as a three-level atomic system of Lambda configuration interacting with probe and control fields in the optical region of the electromagnetic spectrum. We show that the threshold and degree of multistability can be controlled by the geometry of the setup, the size of metal nanoparticles, the carrier mobility in the graphene nanodisk and the detunings of probe and control fields. We found that under electromagnetically-induced transparency conditions the system exhibits enhanced optical multistability with an ultralow threshold in the case of two-photon resonance with high carrier mobility in the graphene nanodisk. Moreover, we calculated the limits of the controllable parameters within which the switching between optical multistability and bistability can occur. We show that our proposed hybrid plasmonic system can be useful for efficient all-optical switches and logic-gate elements for quantum computing and quantum information processing.
We theoretically investigated optical bistability (OB) of a coupled excition–plasmon hybrid system in a unidirectional ring cavity. It is found that the threshold and the region of OB can be tuned by adjusting the center–center distance between the quantum dot and metal nanoparticle (MNP), the Rabi frequency of the control field and the radius of the MNP. Due to the significantly enhanced optical nonlinearity by the surface plasmon effect, the threshold of OB can be decreased greatly when the probe field is parallel to the major axis of the hybrid system. The enhanced OB may have promising applications in optical switching and optical storage.
An experimentally feasible configuration of a prism coupler with an electromagnetically-induced-transparency (EIT) medium layer, e.g., a semiconductor-quantum-dot (SQD) medium, deposited upon its prism base is suggested for generating tunable surface-plasmon-polariton resonance. Such surface-plasmon-polariton resonance and optical excitation of a surface plasmon wave can be manipulated by switchable quantum interference among SQD multilevel transitions driven by two external control fields. When an incident probe field is coupled into a surface plasmon wave excitation mode, the surface-plasmon-polariton (SPP) resonance at the interface between the SQD medium layer and the substrate will arise, and the quantum-coherently controllable reflection spectrum of the probe field on the prism base can be achieved. In this process, destructive and constructive quantum interference (determined by the intensity ratio of the two external control fields) in the SQD multilevel system plays a key role for achieving the tunable reflection spectrum. The EIT-based surface-plasmon-polariton resonance presented here will have three characteristics (some of them would be attractive): (i) switchable quantum interference exhibited by surface plasmon wave excitation, (ii) quantum-coherently controllable surface plasmon polaritons by external optical fields, (iii) surface wave sensitive to dispersion of the SQD quantum coherent medium. Such an effect of controllable optical response based on the quantum-interference switchable surface-plasmon-polariton resonance in the EIT-prism coupler may find some potential applications in design of new photonic and quantum optical devices.
Surface plasmons with ultrasmall optical mode volume and strong near field enhancement can be used to realize nanoscale light-matter interaction. Combining surface plasmons with the quantum system provides the possibility of nanoscale realization of important quantum optical phenomena, including the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), which has many applications in nonlinear quantum optics and quantum information processing. Here, using a custom-designed resonant plasmon nanocavity, we demonstrate polarized position-dependent linewidth-controllable EIT spectra at the nanoscale. We analytically obtain the double coherent population trapping conditions in a double-Λ quantum system with crossing damping, which give two transparent points in the EIT spectra. The linewidths of the three peaks are extremely sensitive to the level spacing of the excited states, the Rabi frequencies and detunings of pump fields, and the Purcell factors. In particular the linewidth of the central peak is exceptionally narrow. The hybrid system may have potential applications in ultra-compact plasmon-quantum devices.