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Physical Review A

Nonreciprocal cavity dark-state polariton and quantum statistics

Yu You, Zhengmao Jia, Bing Chen, Da Chen, Yandong Peng

Published May 18, 2023• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Optical nonreciprocity plays an essential role in optical information communication and information processing. Based on electromagnetically induced transparency, a nonreciprocal cavity dark-state polariton (DSP) could be achieved using spin-biased cold atoms. The DSP induces a nonreciprocal window with high transmission and low insertion loss around the cavity resonant frequency. By decreasing the strength of the control field, the contribution of the atom excitation dominates the behavior of the DSP, which exhibits a narrow cavity linewidth and thus a long lifetime of cavity photons in the form of the DSP. Further, we investigate the nonreciprocity for the statistical properties of the system in the single-atom ($N=1$) and multiatom ($N>1$) cases. Due to the existence of DSP, the photon statistics leads to totally different profiles for the light propagating in both directions in the two cases. In the single-atom ($N=1$) case, the light in the form of DSP shows apparent sub-Poissonian distribution simultaneously with relatively high transmission and a narrow bandwidth corresponding to the one-photon excitation due to quantum interference. Such a quasiparticle may provide a platform for novel applications in nonreciprocal quantum devices and quantum simulation.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.107.053710

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Optical nonreciprocity plays an essential role in optical information communication and information processing. Based on electromagnetically induced transparency, a nonreciprocal cavity dark-state polariton (DSP) could be achieved using spin-biased cold atoms. The DSP induces a nonreciprocal window with high transmission and low insertion loss around the cavity resonant frequency. By decreasing the strength of the control field, the contribution of the atom excitation dominates the behavior of the DSP, which exhibits a narrow cavity linewidth and thus a long lifetime of cavity photons in the form of the DSP. Further, we investigate the nonreciprocity for the statistical properties of the system in the single-atom (N=1N=1N=1) and multiatom (N>1N>1N>1) cases. Due to the existence of DSP, the photon statistics leads to totally different profiles for the light propagating in both directions in the two cases. In the single-atom (N=1N=1N=1) case, the light in the form of DSP shows apparent sub-Poissonian distribution simultaneously with relatively high transmission and a narrow bandwidth corresponding to the one-photon excitation due to quantum interference. Such a quasiparticle may provide a platform for novel applications in nonreciprocal quantum devices and quantum simulation.
(τ) of the transmitted probe light from the cavity is determined by the nonlinearity of the atom in the cavity. Therefore, the system provides a platform for controlling the photon statistics by manipulating nonlinearity. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate nonreciprocal quantum statistics in a cavity QED system with several atoms strongly coupled to an asymmetric optical cavity, which is composed of two mirrors with different transmittivities. When the direction of the probe light is reversed, the intracavity light field alternates to a different level. Distinct photon statistics are then observed due to the quantum nonlinearity associated with strongly coupled atoms. Sub-Poissonian photon-number statistics for forward light and a Poissonian distribution for backward light are then realized. Our work provides an effective approach for realizing nonreciprocal quantum devices, which have potential applications in the unidirectional generation of nonclassical light fields and quantum sensing.
Owing to the potential applications in all-optical quantum information processing and quantum optical networks, magnet-free optical non-reciprocity transmission has attracted great interest and has been studied in many fields, such as parity-time-symmetry enhanced nonlinearity, optomechanical systems, photonic crystal, cold atomic Bragg lattices, chiral quantum optics, and hot atoms. In particular, the random thermal motion of hot atoms can be a useful resource to realize optical non-reciprocity. Here in this work, based on the susceptibility-momentum-locking of atomic thermal motion and the strong coupling characteristics of cavities, a magnetic-free optical reciprocity-nonreciprocity transmission conversion scheme is designed and realized through the atom-cavity compound system. Theoretical and experimental analysis show that the coupling field conditions determine the nonreciprocity of the system. Under the action of single traveling-wave field, the nonreciprocity in hot atoms depends on the propagation direction of the coupling field due to the Doppler effect. Therefore, by changing the opening and closing of the opposite coupling field, the two-way single channel optical nonreciprocal transmission based on intracavity electromagnetically induced transparency can be controlled. When the two coupling fields propagate simultaneously in the opposite directions, however, the cavity transmission changes from single-dark-state to double-dark-state peaks, in which the reciprocity outputs depend on the frequency difference between the two coupling fields. By tuning the frequency difference, the two-way multi-channel reciprocal-nonreciprocal transmission regulation based on double dark polar peaks can be realized. The study can be applied to all-optical quantum devices and quantum information processing, such as optical transistors, optical switching and routing, and quantum gate manipulation.
Photon blockade (PB) is one of the effective methods to generate single-photon sources. In general, both the PB effect with the significant sub-Poissonian statistics and a large mean photon number are desired to guarantee the brightness and the purity of single-photon sources. Here, we propose to obtain the PB effect at the cavity dark-state polariton (DSP) using a cavity Λ-type electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) system with and without the two-photon dissipation (TPD). In the Raman resonance case, the PB effect at the DSP could by realized by using the TPD process in the weak or intermediate coupling regime, which accompanies with near unity transmission, i.e., very high photon occupation. In the slightly detuned Raman resonance case, the excited state is induced into the components of the DSP, and the atomic dissipation path is added into the two-photon excitation paths. Thus, the PB effect at the DSP can be obtained due to the quantum destructive interference (QDI) in the strong coupling regime, which can be further enhanced using the TPD process. Due to the slight detuning, the PB effect still remains high photon occupation and has highly tunability. This work provides an alternative way to manipulate the photon statistics by the PB effect and has potential applications in generating single-photon sources with high brightness and purity.
We developed and experimentally realized a scheme of optical nonreciprocity (ONR) by using degenerate two-level atoms embedded in an optical ring cavity. For the degenerate transition Fg = 4 ↔ Fe = 3, we first studied the cavity-transmission property in different coupling field configurations and verified that under the strong-coupling regime, the single-dark-state peak formed by electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) showed ONR. The stable ground-state Zeeman coherence for Λ-chains involved in the degenerate two-level system was found to be important in the formation of intracavity EIT. However, different from the three-level atom–cavity system, in the degenerate two-level system, the ONR effect based on intracavity EIT occurred only at a low probe intensity, because the cavity–atom coupling strength was weakened in the counter-propagating probe and coupling field configuration. Furthermore, ONR transmission with a high contrast and linewidth-narrowing was experimentally demonstrated.
Abstract Hot atoms can exhibit non-magnetic optical non-reciprocal transmission due to their chiral properties, which are characteristic of most alkali metal atoms. In fact, the nonreciprocity in hot atoms depends on the propagation direction of the coupling field due to the Doppler effect. Herein, the reciprocal to non-reciprocal conversion based on the single- and double-dark states is realized by controlling the bidirectional coupling fields in a three-level electromagnetically induced transparent medium coupled with a ring cavity. Tuning the frequency difference between the two coupling fields causes the multi-frequency-channel reciprocity and nonreciprocity manipulation to occur. The experimental proof can be applied to quantum communications and quantum networks, such as optical transistors, all-optical switching or routing and logic gate operation.
Nonreciprocal quantum devices with low loss are indispensable in quantum information processing but challenging to be realized. Here we report an experiment to realize the nonreciprocal phase shift larger than $\ensuremath{\pi}$ with low loss in a cavity-free and magnetic-free cold atomic ensemble based on electromagnetically induced transparency. Furthermore, a four-port all-optical circulator is demonstrated with an average isolation ratio of 22.25 dB and transmission of 0.94 for each channel. At its optimal working point, the circulator's total isolation ratio reaches 63.47 dB, transmission reaches 0.86, and fidelity at about 0.99. Our work can advance further investigation of nonreciprocity with cold atoms in quantum information processing applications.