Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference

Secrecy Analysis of a Dual-Hop Wireless Network with Independent Eavesdroppers and Outdated CSI

Elmehdi Illi, Marwa Qaraqe, Faissal El Bouanani, Saif M. Al-Kuwari

Published Mar 1, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, the secrecy of a dual-hop unmanned aerial vehicle-based wireless communication system, in the presence of mobility and imperfect channel state information (CSI), is investigated. The system consists of a decode-and-forward relay connecting a source and destination node. The transmission is performed under the presence of two eavesdroppers aiming to intercept independently the source-relay and source-destination communication channels. It is assumed that the transmitters are equipped with one transmit antenna, while the receivers have multiple receive antennas. Based on the statistical properties of the per-hop signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), a closed-form formula for the network’s secrecy intercept probability (IP) is derived, in terms of the main system and channel parameters. The results correlate the impact of such parameters on the secrecy level of the system, where the latter can be enhanced by increasing the number of antennas at the legitimate receivers and the average SNRs of the legitimate links. Furthermore, it is shown that as the CSI imperfection level, nodes’ speed, delay, and carrier frequency increase, the system’s secrecy degrades. All the derived results are verified through Monte Carlo simulations.

DOI
10.1109/wcnc55385.2023.10118636

Related papers

On the Physical-Layer Security of a Dual-Hop UAV-Based Network in the Presence of Per-Hop Eavesdropping and Imperfect CSI

Elmehdi Illi, Marwa Qaraqe, Faissal El Bouanani +1 more

In this article, the physical-layer security of a dual-hop unmanned aerial vehicle-based wireless network, subject to imperfect channel state information (CSI) and mobility effects, is analyzed. Specifically, a source node$(S)$communicates with a destination node$(D)$through a decode-and-forward relay$(R)$, in the presence of two wiretappers$(E_{1}$and$E_{2}$) independently trying to compromise the two hops. Furthermore, the transmit nodes$(S,R) $have a single transmit antenna, while the receivers$(R,D,E_{1},E_{2}) $are equipped with multiple receive antennas. Based on the per-hop signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and correlated secrecy capacities’ statistics, a closed-form expression for the secrecy intercept probability (IP) metric is derived, in terms of key system parameters. Additionally, asymptotic expressions are revealed for two scenarios, namely: 1) mobile nodes with imperfect CSI and 2) static nodes with perfect CSI. The results show that a zero secrecy diversity order is manifested for the first scenario, due to the presence of a ceiling value of the average SNR, while the IP drops linearly at high average SNR in the second one, where the achievable diversity order depends on the fading parameters and number of antennas of the legitimate links/nodes. Furthermore, for static nodes, the system can be castigated by a 15-dB secrecy loss at IP$=3\times 10^{-3}$, when the CSI imperfection power raises from 0 to 10−3. Finally, the higher the legitimate nodes’ speed, carrier frequency, delay, and/or relay’s decoding threshold SNR, the worse is the system’s secrecy. Monte Carlo simulations endorse the derived analytical results.

arXiv:2205.07231•IEEE Internet of Things Journal•Dec 15, 2022•22 citations

Impact of outdated CSI on the secrecy performance of dual-hop networks using cooperative jamming

Walid Mallat, Wided Hadj Alouane, Hatem Boujemâa +1 more

This paper studies the problem of secure dual-hop AF network in the presence of eavesdropper. We study the secrecy performance of partial relay selection with outdated channel state information (CSI). We propose a system secrecy where two sources and destination simultaneously transmit the legitimate and the jamming signal respectively. The selected relay forwards the combined signal to the legitimate receiver and the eavesdropper. We derive a closed-form expression for lower bound on the ergodic secrecy capacity (ESC) under different assumptions of the eavesdropper channel gains. We verify that the system performance is degraded as the correlation coefficient decreases. Simulation results are considered to verify the exactness of the proposed mathematical analysis.

International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC)•Jun 1, 2019•3 citations

Secrecy Performance of Transmit Antenna Selection for MIMO Relay Systems With Outdated CSI

Rui Zhao, Hongxin Lin, Yucheng He +3 more

This paper investigates secure cooperative transmissions in a dual-hop MIMO relay system using a combined transmit antenna selection (TAS) and maximal-ratio combining (MRC) scheme over the Nakagami-m fading channels, where an adaptive decode-and-forward relaying protocol and an multi-antenna eavesdropper are considered. Due to the feedback delay, channel state information (CSI) for TAS might be outdated at both the source and the relay. To evaluate the secrecy performance of the TAS/MRC scheme and the impacts of outdated CSI, the closed-form expressions for the metrics of exact ergodic secrecy rate and exact secrecy outage probability are derived under both perfect and outdated CSI conditions in a channel feedback error model. In order to explicitly reveal the behaviors of the secrecy performance in high signal-to-noise ratio regime, asymptotic expressions for both the metrics are further derived. As validated by simulation results, analytically numerical results demonstrate that outdated the CSI always results in a loss in the secrecy performance, but the loss can be recovered by increasing the number of antennas at legitimate receivers. Furthermore, the outdated CSI yields a reduced secrecy diversity order, whereas only the perfect CSI leads to the full secrecy diversity order.

IEEE Transactions on Communications•Aug 31, 2017•73 citations

Opportunistic relaying for low-altitude UAV swarm secure communications with multiple eavesdroppers

Hongwu Liu, Sang‐Jo Yoo, Kyung Sup Kwak

In this study, we investigate the secrecy outage performance achieved by opportunistic relaying for a low-altitude unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm secure communication system in the presence of multiple UAV-eavesdroppers. In the primary channel, multiple UAV-transmitters are connected to a ground station via the ground-to-air (G2A) wireless backhaul and a UAV-transmitter and UAV-relay are selected to transmit the source signal to a far ground destination under air-to-air and air-to-ground Nakagami-m fading links. In the eavesdropping channel, maximum ratio combining is applied across multiple UAV-eavesdroppers for intercepting the legitimate transmissions from both the selected UAV-transmitter and UAV-relay. The backhaul reliability and eavesdropping probability are introduced to reflect the practical constraints on the G2A wireless backhaul and UAV-eavesdropper cooperation, respectively. The closed-form expression for the secrecy outage probability is derived in terms of the UAV cooperation, backhaul reliability, eavesdropping probability, and Nakagami-m fading parameters. In the high signal-to-noise ratio region, the asymptotic secrecy outage probability is also derived. It is shown that the secrecy diversity gain achieved by opportunistic relaying is jointly determined by the UAV cooperation and shape factors of Nakagami-m fading links in the primary channel. The analytical secrecy outage metrics achieved by opportunistic relaying are verified by Monte Carlo simulation results.

Journal of Communications and Networks•Oct 1, 2018•55 citations

Secrecy Performance of Dual-Hop Threshold Relaying System with Diversity Reception

Chinmoy Kundu, Telex M. N. Ngatched, Octavia A. Dobre

In this paper, the secrecy of a cooperative system consisting of a single source, relay, destination and eavesdropper is analyzed. The threshold-selection decode-and-forward relay is considered, where the relay can correctly decode and forward only if it satisfies a threshold signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Both destination and eavesdropper take advantage of the direct and relayed transmissions through maximal ratio diversity combining. The secrecy outage probability (SOP) and ergodic secrecy rate are derived in closed-form for different channel state information (CSI) availability. It was observed that when the required rate is low, having CSI knowledge is more advantageous than in the case of higher rate. An increase in the required threshold SNR at the relay can increase the SOP if the relayed link SNR is relatively higher than the direct link SNR. It was also shown that SOP cannot be improved beyond a certain value when keeping either dual-hop link average SNR fixed and increasing the other link SNR, whereas the ergodic secrecy rate can be increased by keeping the source to destination average SNR fixed.

arXiv:1803.00636•IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference•Sep 1, 2016•5 citations

Secrecy Outage of Dual-Hop AF Relay System With Relay Selection Without Eavesdropper's CSI

Abhishek Jindal, Chinmoy Kundu, Ranjan Bose

We evaluate the upper bound, lower bound and an approximate expression for secrecy outage probability of a dual hop Amplify-and-forward (AF) relay system when the single cooperating relay among the relays is selected without the knowledge of eavesdropper's instantaneous channel state information (CSI). This situation arises when eavesdropper is not a legitimate node, or being a trusted node, it acts maliciously and does not share its instantaneous CSI. We also obtain the tighter bounds in high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the source to relay links and in high SNR of the relay to destination links. We show that when the SNR of the source to relay links tends to zero, it becomes the bottle neck for secure communication, and the secrecy outage tends to 1. We show that the approximate expression follows the simulated outage closely and the outage decreases with an increase in the number of relays and increases with an increase in the required secrecy rate.

IEEE Communications Letters•Jul 16, 2014•40 citations
In this paper, the secrecy of a dual-hop unmanned aerial vehicle-based wireless communication system, in the presence of mobility and imperfect channel state information (CSI), is investigated. The system consists of a decode-and-forward relay connecting a source and destination node. The transmission is performed under the presence of two eavesdroppers aiming to intercept independently the source-relay and source-destination communication channels. It is assumed that the transmitters are equipped with one transmit antenna, while the receivers have multiple receive antennas. Based on the statistical properties of the per-hop signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), a closed-form formula for the network’s secrecy intercept probability (IP) is derived, in terms of the main system and channel parameters. The results correlate the impact of such parameters on the secrecy level of the system, where the latter can be enhanced by increasing the number of antennas at the legitimate receivers and the average SNRs of the legitimate links. Furthermore, it is shown that as the CSI imperfection level, nodes’ speed, delay, and carrier frequency increase, the system’s secrecy degrades. All the derived results are verified through Monte Carlo simulations.
In this article, the physical-layer security of a dual-hop unmanned aerial vehicle-based wireless network, subject to imperfect channel state information (CSI) and mobility effects, is analyzed. Specifically, a source node(S)(S)(S)communicates with a destination node(D)(D)(D)through a decode-and-forward relay(R)(R)(R), in the presence of two wiretappers(E1(E_{1}(E1​andE2E_{2}E2​) independently trying to compromise the two hops. Furthermore, the transmit nodes$(S,R) haveasingletransmitantenna,whilethereceivershave a single transmit antenna, while the receivershaveasingletransmitantenna,whilethereceivers(R,D,E_{1},E_{2}) areequippedwithmultiplereceiveantennas.Basedontheper−hopsignal−to−noiseratios(SNRs)andcorrelatedsecrecycapacities’statistics,aclosed−formexpressionforthesecrecyinterceptprobability(IP)metricisderived,intermsofkeysystemparameters.Additionally,asymptoticexpressionsarerevealedfortwoscenarios,namely:1)mobilenodeswithimperfectCSIand2)staticnodeswithperfectCSI.Theresultsshowthatazerosecrecydiversityorderismanifestedforthefirstscenario,duetothepresenceofaceilingvalueoftheaverageSNR,whiletheIPdropslinearlyathighaverageSNRinthesecondone,wheretheachievablediversityorderdependsonthefadingparametersandnumberofantennasofthelegitimatelinks/nodes.Furthermore,forstaticnodes,thesystemcanbecastigatedbya15−dBsecrecylossatIPare equipped with multiple receive antennas. Based on the per-hop signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and correlated secrecy capacities’ statistics, a closed-form expression for the secrecy intercept probability (IP) metric is derived, in terms of key system parameters. Additionally, asymptotic expressions are revealed for two scenarios, namely: 1) mobile nodes with imperfect CSI and 2) static nodes with perfect CSI. The results show that a zero secrecy diversity order is manifested for the first scenario, due to the presence of a ceiling value of the average SNR, while the IP drops linearly at high average SNR in the second one, where the achievable diversity order depends on the fading parameters and number of antennas of the legitimate links/nodes. Furthermore, for static nodes, the system can be castigated by a 15-dB secrecy loss at IPareequippedwithmultiplereceiveantennas.Basedontheper−hopsignal−to−noiseratios(SNRs)andcorrelatedsecrecycapacities’statistics,aclosed−formexpressionforthesecrecyinterceptprobability(IP)metricisderived,intermsofkeysystemparameters.Additionally,asymptoticexpressionsarerevealedfortwoscenarios,namely:1)mobilenodeswithimperfectCSIand2)staticnodeswithperfectCSI.Theresultsshowthatazerosecrecydiversityorderismanifestedforthefirstscenario,duetothepresenceofaceilingvalueoftheaverageSNR,whiletheIPdropslinearlyathighaverageSNRinthesecondone,wheretheachievablediversityorderdependsonthefadingparametersandnumberofantennasofthelegitimatelinks/nodes.Furthermore,forstaticnodes,thesystemcanbecastigatedbya15−dBsecrecylossatIP=3\times 10^{-3}$, when the CSI imperfection power raises from 0 to 10−3. Finally, the higher the legitimate nodes’ speed, carrier frequency, delay, and/or relay’s decoding threshold SNR, the worse is the system’s secrecy. Monte Carlo simulations endorse the derived analytical results.
This paper studies the problem of secure dual-hop AF network in the presence of eavesdropper. We study the secrecy performance of partial relay selection with outdated channel state information (CSI). We propose a system secrecy where two sources and destination simultaneously transmit the legitimate and the jamming signal respectively. The selected relay forwards the combined signal to the legitimate receiver and the eavesdropper. We derive a closed-form expression for lower bound on the ergodic secrecy capacity (ESC) under different assumptions of the eavesdropper channel gains. We verify that the system performance is degraded as the correlation coefficient decreases. Simulation results are considered to verify the exactness of the proposed mathematical analysis.
This paper investigates secure cooperative transmissions in a dual-hop MIMO relay system using a combined transmit antenna selection (TAS) and maximal-ratio combining (MRC) scheme over the Nakagami-m fading channels, where an adaptive decode-and-forward relaying protocol and an multi-antenna eavesdropper are considered. Due to the feedback delay, channel state information (CSI) for TAS might be outdated at both the source and the relay. To evaluate the secrecy performance of the TAS/MRC scheme and the impacts of outdated CSI, the closed-form expressions for the metrics of exact ergodic secrecy rate and exact secrecy outage probability are derived under both perfect and outdated CSI conditions in a channel feedback error model. In order to explicitly reveal the behaviors of the secrecy performance in high signal-to-noise ratio regime, asymptotic expressions for both the metrics are further derived. As validated by simulation results, analytically numerical results demonstrate that outdated the CSI always results in a loss in the secrecy performance, but the loss can be recovered by increasing the number of antennas at legitimate receivers. Furthermore, the outdated CSI yields a reduced secrecy diversity order, whereas only the perfect CSI leads to the full secrecy diversity order.
In this study, we investigate the secrecy outage performance achieved by opportunistic relaying for a low-altitude unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm secure communication system in the presence of multiple UAV-eavesdroppers. In the primary channel, multiple UAV-transmitters are connected to a ground station via the ground-to-air (G2A) wireless backhaul and a UAV-transmitter and UAV-relay are selected to transmit the source signal to a far ground destination under air-to-air and air-to-ground Nakagami-m fading links. In the eavesdropping channel, maximum ratio combining is applied across multiple UAV-eavesdroppers for intercepting the legitimate transmissions from both the selected UAV-transmitter and UAV-relay. The backhaul reliability and eavesdropping probability are introduced to reflect the practical constraints on the G2A wireless backhaul and UAV-eavesdropper cooperation, respectively. The closed-form expression for the secrecy outage probability is derived in terms of the UAV cooperation, backhaul reliability, eavesdropping probability, and Nakagami-m fading parameters. In the high signal-to-noise ratio region, the asymptotic secrecy outage probability is also derived. It is shown that the secrecy diversity gain achieved by opportunistic relaying is jointly determined by the UAV cooperation and shape factors of Nakagami-m fading links in the primary channel. The analytical secrecy outage metrics achieved by opportunistic relaying are verified by Monte Carlo simulation results.
In this paper, the secrecy of a cooperative system consisting of a single source, relay, destination and eavesdropper is analyzed. The threshold-selection decode-and-forward relay is considered, where the relay can correctly decode and forward only if it satisfies a threshold signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Both destination and eavesdropper take advantage of the direct and relayed transmissions through maximal ratio diversity combining. The secrecy outage probability (SOP) and ergodic secrecy rate are derived in closed-form for different channel state information (CSI) availability. It was observed that when the required rate is low, having CSI knowledge is more advantageous than in the case of higher rate. An increase in the required threshold SNR at the relay can increase the SOP if the relayed link SNR is relatively higher than the direct link SNR. It was also shown that SOP cannot be improved beyond a certain value when keeping either dual-hop link average SNR fixed and increasing the other link SNR, whereas the ergodic secrecy rate can be increased by keeping the source to destination average SNR fixed.
We evaluate the upper bound, lower bound and an approximate expression for secrecy outage probability of a dual hop Amplify-and-forward (AF) relay system when the single cooperating relay among the relays is selected without the knowledge of eavesdropper's instantaneous channel state information (CSI). This situation arises when eavesdropper is not a legitimate node, or being a trusted node, it acts maliciously and does not share its instantaneous CSI. We also obtain the tighter bounds in high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the source to relay links and in high SNR of the relay to destination links. We show that when the SNR of the source to relay links tends to zero, it becomes the bottle neck for secure communication, and the secrecy outage tends to 1. We show that the approximate expression follows the simulated outage closely and the outage decreases with an increase in the number of relays and increases with an increase in the required secrecy rate.