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Photonics Research

Photonic-reconfigurable entanglement distribution network based on silicon quantum photonics

Dongning Liu, Jingyuan Liu, Xiaosong Ren, Xue Feng, Fang Liu, Kaiyu Cui, Yidong Huang, Wei Zhang

Published May 9, 2023• 20 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The entanglement distribution network connects remote users by sharing entanglement resources, which is essential for realizing quantum internet. We propose a photonic-reconfigurable entanglement distribution network (PR-EDN) based on a silicon quantum photonic chip. The entanglement resources are generated by a quantum light source array based on spontaneous four-wave mixing in silicon waveguides and distributed to different users through time-reversed Hong–Ou–Mandel interference by on-chip Mach–Zehnder interferometers with thermo-optic phase shifters (TOPSs). A chip sample is designed and fabricated, supporting a PR-EDN with 3 subnets and 24 users. The network topology of the PR-EDN could be reconfigured in three network states by controlling the quantum interference through the TOPSs, which is demonstrated experimentally. Furthermore, a reconfigurable entanglement-based quantum key distribution network is realized as an application of the PR-EDN. The reconfigurable network topology makes the PR-EDN suitable for future quantum networks requiring complicated network control and management. Moreover, it is also shown that silicon quantum photonic chips have great potential for large-scale PR-EDN, thanks to their capacities for generating and manipulating plenty of entanglement resources.

DOI
10.1364/prj.489139

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The entanglement distribution network connects remote users by sharing entanglement resources, which is essential for realizing quantum internet. We propose a photonic-reconfigurable entanglement distribution network (PR-EDN) based on a silicon quantum photonic chip. The entanglement resources are generated by a quantum light source array based on spontaneous four-wave mixing in silicon waveguides and distributed to different users through time-reversed Hong–Ou–Mandel interference by on-chip Mach–Zehnder interferometers with thermo-optic phase shifters (TOPSs). A chip sample is designed and fabricated, supporting a PR-EDN with 3 subnets and 24 users. The network topology of the PR-EDN could be reconfigured in three network states by controlling the quantum interference through the TOPSs, which is demonstrated experimentally. Furthermore, a reconfigurable entanglement-based quantum key distribution network is realized as an application of the PR-EDN. The reconfigurable network topology makes the PR-EDN suitable for future quantum networks requiring complicated network control and management. Moreover, it is also shown that silicon quantum photonic chips have great potential for large-scale PR-EDN, thanks to their capacities for generating and manipulating plenty of entanglement resources.
The entanglement distribution network connects remote users through sharing entanglement resources, which is essential for realizing quantum internet. We proposed a controllable entanglement distribution network (c-EDN) based on a silicon quantum photonic chip. The entanglement resources were generated by a quantum light source array based on spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) in silicon waveguides and distributed to different users through time-reversed Hong-Ou-Mandel interferences in on-chip Mach-Zehnder interferometers with thermal phase shifters. A chip sample was designed and fabricated, supporting a c-EDN with 3 subnets and 24 users. The network topology of entanglement distributions could be reconfigured in three network states by controlling the quantum interferences through the phase shifters, which was demonstrated experimentally. Furthermore, a reconfigurable entanglement-based QKD network was realized as an application of the c-EDN. The reconfigurable network topology makes the c-EDN suitable for future quantum networks requiring complicated network control and management. Moreover, it is also shows that silicon quantum photonic chips have great potential for large-scale c-EDN, thanks to their capacities on generating and manipulating plenty of entanglement resources.
Abstract The dense quantum entanglement distribution is the basis for practical quantum communication, quantum networks and distributed quantum computation. To make entanglement distribution processes stable enough for practical and large-scale applications, it is necessary to perform them with the integrated pattern. Here, we first integrate a dense wavelength-division demultiplexing system and unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometers on one large-scale photonic chip and demonstrate the multi-channel wavelength multiplexing entanglement distribution among distributed photonic chips. Specifically, we use one chip as a sender to produce high-performance and wideband quantum photon pairs, which are then sent to two receiver chips through 1-km standard optical fibers. The receiver chip includes a dense wavelength-division demultiplexing system and unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometers and realizes multi-wavelength-channel energy-time entanglement generation and analysis. High quantum interference visibilities prove the effectiveness of the multi-chip system. Our work paves the way for practical entanglement-based quantum key distribution and quantum networks.
Entanglement--one of the most delicate phenomena in nature--is an essential resource for quantum information applications. Scalable photonic quantum devices must generate and control qubit entanglement on-chip, where quantum information is naturally encoded in photon path. Here we report a silicon photonic chip that uses resonant-enhanced photon-pair sources, spectral demultiplexers and reconfigurable optics to generate a path-entangled two-qubit state and analyse its entanglement. We show that ring-resonator-based spontaneous four-wave mixing photon-pair sources can be made highly indistinguishable and that their spectral correlations are small. We use on-chip frequency demultiplexers and reconfigurable optics to perform both quantum state tomography and the strict Bell-CHSH test, both of which confirm a high level of on-chip entanglement. This work demonstrates the integration of high-performance components that will be essential for building quantum devices and systems to harness photonic entanglement on the large scale.
Entanglement distribution is a critical technique that enables numerous quantum applications. Most fiber-based long-distance experiments reported to date have utilized photon pair sources generated in bulk optical crystals, with the entanglement encoded in the polarization degree of freedom. Here, we create energy-time entanglement for photon pairs generated from an on-chip silicon ring resonator via spontaneous four-wave mixing process and report the distribution of the entanglement over standard optical fiber with distance >81 km. Our work paves the way for future large-scale quantum networks with connect of distant quantum nodes.
A silicon quantum photonic circuit was proposed and demonstrated as an integrated quantum light source for telecom band polarization entangled Bell state generation and dynamical manipulation. Biphoton states were firstly generated in four silicon waveguides by spontaneous four wave mixing. They were transformed to polarization entangled Bell states through on-chip quantum interference and quantum superposition, and then coupled to optical fibers. The property of polarization entanglement in generated photon pairs was demonstrated by two-photon interferences under two non-orthogonal polarization bases. The output state could be dynamically switched between two polarization entangled Bell states, which was demonstrated by the experiment of simplified Bell state measurement. The experiment results indicate that its manipulation speed supported a modulation rate of several tens kHz, showing its potential on applications of quantum communication and quantum information processing requiring dynamical quantum entangled Bell state control.