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Iraqi Journal of Information & Communications Technology

Experimental Realization of Quantum Cryptography by Arduino

Harith A. Qaisi, Mohammed Falih AL-Gailani

Published Apr 30, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This paper is concerned with the experimental realization of an Arduino-based quantum cryptography system, in which a setup of five laser diodes is constructed in the transmitter that randomly emits photons to encode information consisting of a sequence of "0" and "1" bits. The receiver contains five photoresistor sensors that detect the presence or absence of light as well as determine the intensity of the light. Laser light is used to securely transmit data, such as text or numbers, in this technology.

DOI
10.31987/ijict.6.1.204

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This paper is concerned with the experimental realization of an Arduino-based quantum cryptography system, in which a setup of five laser diodes is constructed in the transmitter that randomly emits photons to encode information consisting of a sequence of "0" and "1" bits. The receiver contains five photoresistor sensors that detect the presence or absence of light as well as determine the intensity of the light. Laser light is used to securely transmit data, such as text or numbers, in this technology.
Quantum cryptography allows the establishing of a highly confidential sequence of random bits between two parties who share no secret information in advance. Its security is guaranteed by the basic laws of quantum mechanics rather than mathematical difficulty. An experimental system based on a novel protocol for quantum cryptography using only two nonorthogonal photon polarization states is implemented. The photon sources are two semiconductor laser diodes operated at 680 nm, their light pulses which are heavily attenuated to far below one photon per pulse are employed to encode the key. Gated single photon detection technique is used to minimize the dark count effect of the photon multiplier tube. Key establishing rate of 40 b/s and error rate of 2.1% are obtained. Compared with other systems, our system has the simplest experimental setup.
The technology of quantum cryptography, based on the quantum properties of light, allows a random sequence of bits to be transmitted over an unprotected communication channel in such a way that an intruder's interference in the transmission process generates additional noise in the channel and is detected by legitimate users. One of the important elements of the quantum key distribution system is a single photon detector. In this work proposed quantum cryptographic system that generates only an orthogonal basis (vertical and horizontal) has one semiconductor diode laser used to generate information and synchronization photons and functional diagram of the device for registration of single photons. The developed device allows increasing the quantum efficiency of registration up to 45%.
In this paper, we present a proof-of-concept experimental demonstration of the secret key quantum cryptographic scheme. A tabletop communication link was set up in the free-space channel using ordinary lasers as transmitters, which emit coherent states of light, and quantum-limited direct detection was employed in the receivers. In the secret key scheme, one needs a supply of M possible quantum states that are uniformly distributed over some random variable. In the free-space case, we used polarization angle as the variable determining the state. In the proof-of-concept emonstration, we aimed towards sending data messages encrypted with a short secret key from the transmitter to the receiver. The messages could be successfully deciphered by the receiver by its knowledge of the secret key. However, when the secret key was taken away, in order to mimic an eavesdropper, the messages could not be deciphered.
The extend success of any communication system essentially depends on the strength of the secrecy of transporting the information between the partners.The classical cryptography for the wired and wireless communication systems can not withstand against the challenges of new technologies.So, it is necessary to invent a new method to encrypt the information.The solution is quantum cryptography in communication system.The absolute security can be achieve with quantum cryptography protocol via building an effective hardware for satisfying the single-photon source must requirement by controlling the value of mean photon number.This was approximately achieved in this work by building a driving circuit that provide very short pulses, less than 10 ns for Laser Diode with output maximum power of 0.99 mW and wavelength 650 nm.These short pulses enable getting faint laser pulses that were further attenuated to reach mean photon number equal to 0.08 or less.
Computer center The extend success of any communication system essentially depends on the strength of the secrecy of transporting the information between the partners. The classical cryptography for the wired and wireless communication systems can not withstand against the challenges of new technologies. So, it is necessary to invent a new method to encrypt the information. The solution is quantum cryptography in communication system. The absolute security can be achieve with quantum cryptography protocol via building an effective hardware for satisfying the single-photon source must requirement by controlling the value of mean photon number. This was approximately achieved in this work by building a driving circuit that provide very short pulses, less than 10 ns for Laser Diode with output maximum power of 0.99 mW and wavelength 650 nm. These short pulses enable getting faint laser pulses that were further attenuated to reach mean photon number equal to 0.08 or less.
The secure distribution of the secret random bit sequences known as `key' material, is an essential precursor to their use for the encryption and decryption of confidential communications. Quantum cryptography is an emerging technology for secure key distribution with single-photon transmissions: Heisenburg's uncertainty principle ensures that an adversary can neither successfully tap the key transmissions, nor evade detection (eavesdropping raises the key error rate above a threshold value). We have developed experimental quantum cryptography systems based on the transmission of non-orthogonal single-photon states to generate shared key material over multi-kilometer optical fiber paths and over line-of-sight links. In both cases, key material is built up using the transmission of a single- photon per bit of an initial secret random sequence. A quantum-mechanically random subset of this sequence is identified, becoming the key material after a data reconciliation stage with the sender. In our optical fiber experiment we have performed quantum key distribution over 24-km of underground optical fiber using single-photon interference states, demonstrating that secure, real-time key generation over `open' multi-km node-to-node optical fiber communications links is possible.