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Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer

Absolute frequencies of cooling and pumping transitions for Thulium optical lattice clock and cold gas studies

Artem A. Golovizin, Dmitry O. Tregubov, M. O. Yaushev, D. Mishin, Daniil I. Provorchenko, Nikolai Kolachevsky

Published Apr 28, 2023• 4 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/j.jqsrt.2023.108629

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Clock transition at 1.14μm1.14 \mu \mathrm{m}1.14μm in neutral thulium is a promising candidate for compact and robust transportable optical clock due to its extremely low sensitivity to external electric and magnetic fields. Cold Tm atoms are now used in optical lattice clocks, quantum simulators and for the study of Bose-Einstein condensation and cold collision physics. In this work, we discuss experimentally measured absolute frequencies of the two transitions at 410.6 nm and 530.7 nm, used for laser cooling of thulium atoms, transition at 418.8 nm used for optical pumping and clock transition at 1140 nm. Using accurate laser spectroscopy in an ensemble of cold thulium atoms, we measured frequencies of these transitions using an optical frequency comb, which was referenced to an active hydrogen maser. Transition frequencies were measured with an uncertainty at one tenth of their natural linewidth, which is sufficient for cooling and pumping of thulium atoms. The uncertainty of the clock transition frequency is 30 Hz, which was limited by the maser frequency calibration with GNSS. Our results can find application in existing experiments with cold thulium atoms and especially in new projects.
The method of laser cooling of atoms, first implemented in the early 1980s at the Institute of Spectroscopy of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ISAN), turned out to be an exceptionally powerful tool that provided revolutionary breakthroughs in such areas as quantum sensorics, the physics of Bose±Einstein and Fermi-condensates, quantum informatics, and many others.It was precisely due to the laser cooling method that atomic fountains Ð the most accurate microwave clocks Ð made their appearance, and impetus was lent to the area of optical frequency standards, which today have surpassed the relative error of 10 À18 .In this review, dedicated to the 55th anniversary of the founding of ISAN, we will present some modern methods and experimental results aimed at the development of optical clocks on thulium atoms.In addition to the review part, the paper demonstrates a new experimental protocol for the preparation of thulium atoms using sideband cooling of the spectrally narrow 506.2-nm transition.Ensembles of atoms in the initial states of clock transitions in the ground vibrational sublevel of the optical lattice have been attained.
At present the optical clock with accuracy and stability achieves to 10-18 level, which could be the next generation of time and frequency standard. This paper gives an introduction of the progress of researching on the optical lattice clock of Strontium atom in NTSC (National Time Service Center). We realize the (5s5s)1S0—(5s5p)1P1 cooling (blue MOT) and (5s5s)1S0—(5s5p)3P1 cooling (red MOT) in succession for the optical lattice clock, and loading these cold atoms in a lattice composed by a magic wave-length is studied. By using our narrow line-width diode laser and the fiber femtosecond optical frequency comb, we precisely measure the absolute frequencies of the inter-combination transitions (5s5s)1S0—(5s5p)3P1 of four isotopes of Strontium referenced to an H maser.