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Physical Review Applied

High-Dimensional Photonic Orbital-Angular-Momentum Frequency Interface

Xiaodong Qiu, Haoxu Guo, Yuan Ren, Lixiang Chen

Published Apr 24, 2023• 11 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Frequency interface, namely, converting the colors of photons while retaining their other features, is indispensable for numerous applications ranging from up-conversion imaging to the multimode quantum network. However, limited by the nonuniform nonlinear frequency-conversion efficiency, constructing the frequency interface for high-dimensional spatial modes is still challenging. Here, to break this fundamental barrier, we construct a high-dimensional (HD) orbital-angular-momentum (OAM) frequency interface via conducting sum-frequency generation between HD OAM states to be converted and a radial structured pump. Specifically, by replacing the conventional Gaussian pump with an optimized coherent superposition of HD Laguerre-Gaussian radial modes (i.e., its azimuthal number is zero), we experimentally achieve the OAM frequency interface in nine dimensions with a record fidelity up to 90.38 %. Additionally, by increasing the number of radial modes, our scheme can be flexibly extended to higher dimension. Such a high-dimensional frequency interface could find potential applications in the high-capacity free-space optical communication and would also pave the way for constructing high-dimensional quantum networks.

DOI
10.1103/physrevapplied.19.044072

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Frequency interface, namely, converting the colors of photons while retaining their other features, is indispensable for numerous applications ranging from up-conversion imaging to the multimode quantum network. However, limited by the nonuniform nonlinear frequency-conversion efficiency, constructing the frequency interface for high-dimensional spatial modes is still challenging. Here, to break this fundamental barrier, we construct a high-dimensional (HD) orbital-angular-momentum (OAM) frequency interface via conducting sum-frequency generation between HD OAM states to be converted and a radial structured pump. Specifically, by replacing the conventional Gaussian pump with an optimized coherent superposition of HD Laguerre-Gaussian radial modes (i.e., its azimuthal number is zero), we experimentally achieve the OAM frequency interface in nine dimensions with a record fidelity up to 90.38 %. Additionally, by increasing the number of radial modes, our scheme can be flexibly extended to higher dimension. Such a high-dimensional frequency interface could find potential applications in the high-capacity free-space optical communication and would also pave the way for constructing high-dimensional quantum networks.
The efficient transport and engineering of photonic orbital angular momentum (OAM) lie at the heart of various related classical and quantum applications. Here, by leveraging the spatial-mode-engineered frequency conversion, we realize the remote transport of high-dimensional orbital angular momentum (OAM) states between two distant parties without direct transmission of information carriers. We exploit perfect vortices for preparing high-dimensional yet maximal O AM entanglement. Based on nonlinear sum-frequency generation working with a strong coherent wave packet and a single photon, we conduct the Bell-like state measurements for high-dimensional perfect vortices. We experimentally achieve an average transport fidelity 0.879 ± 0.048 and 0.796 ± 0.066 for a complete set of 3-dimensional and 5-dimensional OAM mutually unbiased bases, respectively. Furthermore, by exploring the full transverse entanglement, we construct another strategy of quantum imaging with interaction-free light. It is expected that, with the future advances in nonlinear frequency conversion, our scheme will pave the way for realizing truly secure high-dimensional quantum teleportation in the upcoming quantum network.
High-dimensional maximally entangled orbital angular momentum (OAM) states are a promising resource for enhancing information capacity and robustness in quantum communication. However, it still lacks an effective method to increase the state dimensionality. Here, we theoretically propose an efficient scheme to generate maximally entangled OAM states of ultrahigh dimensionality by manipulating the radial components of a Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) pump beam. By optimizing the complex amplitudes of multiple radial modes of the LG pump light, one can feasibly achieve 101-dimensional OAM-based maximally entangled states. Our scheme has potential applications in high capacity quantum communication networks.
The orbital angular momentum (OAM) of light shows great potential in quantum communication. The transmission wavelength for telecom is usually around 1550 nm, while the common quantum information storage and processing devices based on atoms, ions or NV color centers are for photons in visible regime. Here we demonstrate a quantum information interface based on the frequency upconversion for photons carrying OAM states from telecom wavelength to visible regime by sum-frequency generation with high quantum conversion efficiency. The infrared photons at 1558 nm carrying different OAM values were converted to the visible regime of 622.2 nm, and the OAM value of the signal photons was well preserved in the frequency upconversion process with pump beam in Gaussian profile.
In quantum communications, vortex photons can encode higher-dimensional quantum states and build high-dimensional communication networks (HDCNs). The interfaces that connect different wavelengths are significant in HDCNs. We construct a coherent orbital angular momentum (OAM) frequency bridge via difference frequency conversion in a nonlinear bulk crystal for HDCNs. Using a single resonant cavity, maximum quantum conversion efficiencies from visible to infrared are 36\%, 15\%, and 7.8\% for topological charges of 0,1, and 2, respectively. The average fidelity obtained using quantum state tomography for the down-converted infrared OAM-state of topological charge 1 is 96.51\%. We also prove that the OAM is conserved in this process by measuring visible and infrared interference patterns. This coherent OAM frequency-down conversion bridge represents a basis for an interface between two high-dimensional quantum systems operating with different spectra.
In high-dimensional quantum communication networks, the quantum frequency converter (QFC) is indispensable as an interface in the frequency domain. For example, many QFCs have been built to link atomic memories and fiber channels. However, almost all QFCs work in a two-dimensional space. It is still a pivotal challenge to construct a high-quality QFC for some complex quantum states, e.g., a high-dimensional single-photon state that refers to a qudit. Here, we firstly propose a high-dimensional QFC for an orbital-angular-momentum qudit via sum-frequency conversion with a flat-top beam pump. As a proof-of-principle demonstration, we realize quantum frequency conversions for a qudit from infrared to visible range. Based on the qudit quantum state tomography, the fidelities of a converted state are 98.29(95.02)%, 97.42(91.74)%, and 86.75(67.04)% for a qudit without (with) accidental counts in 2, 3, and 5 dimensions, respectively. The demonstration is very promising for constructing a high-capacity quantum communication network.
In quantum communications, vortex photons can encode higher-dimensional quantum states and build high-dimensional communication networks (HDCNs). The interfaces that connect different wavelengths are significant in HDCNs. We construct a coherent orbital angular momentum (OAM) frequency bridge via difference frequency conversion in a nonlinear bulk crystal for HDCNs. Using a single resonant cavity, maximum quantum conversion efficiencies from visible to infrared are 36%, 15%, and 7.8% for topological charges of 0,1, and 2, respectively. The average fidelity obtained using quantum state tomography for the down-converted infrared OAM-state of topological charge 1 is 96.51%. We also prove that the OAM is conserved in this process by measuring visible and infrared interference patterns. This coherent OAM frequency-down conversion bridge represents a basis for an interface between two high-dimensional quantum systems operating with different spectra.