The interpretation of single-photon double slit Wheeler's delayed choice experiment leads to a weird inference: "what observer does now can change what happened in the past". It subverts our cognitions. Other interpretations are also in dispute. I try to find another possible way that can better explain the experiments. For this purpose, we try to reacquaint what is a photon; what structure it possesses, and how the structure influences photon behavior. In 1905 Einstein supposed that the photon is a quantum of EM radiation; according to the quantum interpretation, the probability density of a coherent state undergoes a sinusoidal vibration with time; it will also excite a quantized EM wave. So we start our research from an axially symmetric EM wave beam. We discovered and proved that under the Quantification Law of Charge, there is a kind of axially symmetric EM-wave beam which is a quantum of circularly polarized light. Its energy is concentrated in a very small packet; this energy packet will be proven to have photon properties, like,, spin , obeying B-E statistics, etc. On the other hand, the width of the sodium spectral lines identifies that the energy packet carries a long EM wave beam. They form a wave-particle hybrid structure. It exhibits both wave property and particle property all the time in the experiments. Its interpretation for the single photon double slits Wheeler's delayed choice experiment does not lead to the above strange inference.
The interpretation of single-photon double slit Wheeler's delayed choice experiment leads to a weird inference: "what observer does now can change what happened in the past". It subverts our cognitions. Other interpretations are also in dispute. I try to find another possible way that can better explain the experiments. For this purpose, we try to reacquaint what is a photon; what structure it possesses, and how the structure influences photon behavior. In 1905 Einstein supposed that the photon is a quantum of EM radiation; according to the quantum interpretation, the probability density of a coherent state undergoes a sinusoidal vibration with time; it will also excite a quantized EM wave. So we start our research from an axially symmetric EM wave beam. We discovered and proved that under the Quantification Law of Charge, there is a kind of axially symmetric EM-wave beam which is a quantum of circularly polarized light. Its energy is concentrated in a very small packet; this energy packet will be proven to have photon properties, like,, spin , obeying B-E statistics, etc. On the other hand, the width of the sodium spectral lines identifies that the energy packet carries a long EM wave beam. They form a wave-particle hybrid structure. It exhibits both wave property and particle property all the time in the experiments. Its interpretation for the single photon double slits Wheeler's delayed choice experiment does not lead to the above strange inference.
The interpretation of single photon double slits Wheeler's delayed choice experiment leads to a weird inference: "what the observer does now can change what happened in the past". It subverts our cognitions. Other interpretations are also in dispute. Is there another possible way that can better explain experiments? For this purpose, we try to reacquaint what is a photon? What structure does it have? How does the structure influence the photon behavior? In 1905 Einstein supposed that the photon is a quantum of EM radiation; according to the quantum interpretation, the probability density of a coherent state undergoes a sinusoidal vibration with time. It will also excite a quantized EM wave. So, our research object must be an EM wave beams. We discover and prove that under the Quantification Law of Charge, there is a kind of axial symmetric EM-wave beam it is a quantum of circularly polarized light. Its energy is concentrated in a very small packet; this energy packet will be proved having the photon properties, like , , spin , obeying B-E statistics and so on; On the other hand, the width of the sodium spectral lines identifies that the energy packet carries a long EM wave beam. They form a wave-particle hybrid structure. It exhibits both wave property and particle property at the time in all experiments. Its interpretation for the single photon double slits Wheeler's delayed choice experiment does not lead to the above strange inference.
What mechanism causes the interference in the single photon double slits experiment? Is it due to an external factor, or does the photon have a special structure that allows it to interfere with itself to create the interference pattern? Because, as Einstein proposed, the photon is a quantum of EM radiation, we begin our investigation with an EM wave beam (an EM radiation). The purpose of this paper is (1) study the possible structure of photon; (2) use the hybrid structure of the photon to explain single photon double-slit experiment. We discovered that the wave beam is definitely circular polarised and covered by a side membrane. Under the demand of symmetry and quantization, there is a pair of ± charges ±q and the circular tension T(R,∠,θ) distributes double helically along the side membrane. Quantization of charges requires q=±e(or(±q=±ke )k=2,3,......). Mechanical equilibrium among the helical distributed ±e( or ±q=±ke), tension T and the circular polarized EM field inside construct a steady structure to keep the quantized EM beam integrity, shape and size. Its energy hv concentrates in a cylindrical packet of radius Rmax and length δ, named ∈− (energy) packet. With the aid of Einstein theory of spontaneous emission, we proved that the photon is consisted of the ∈=hv( or ∈=nhv) energy packet and accompany with a conical ψ - (EM) wave beam; ∈ -packet floats in front of the ψ -wave. In the double slits experiment, it is the same hybrid structure that causes photon self interference.
In the single photon double slits experiment, what mechanism makes the interference? Whether it is owing to the external factor or the photon has a special structure it can interfere photon itself to make the interference pattern? Because the photon is a quantum of EM radiation as Einstein proposed, so we start the study from an EM wave beam (an EM radiation). Under the demand of the symmetry and quantization, we found the wave beam is certainly circular polarized and covered by a side membrane. There is a pair of ± charges ±q and the circular tension distributes double helically along the side membrane. Quantization of charges requires ( k=2.3,...). Mechanical equilibrium among the helical distributed or, tension and the circular polarized EM field inside construct a steady structure to keep the quantized EM beam integrity, shape and size. Its energy hv concentrates in a cylindrical packet of radius R max and length , named -(energy) packet. With the aid of Einstein theory of spontaneous emission, we proved that the photon is consisted of the energy packet and accompany with a conical - (EM) wave beam; -packet floats in front of the -wave. It is such hybrid structure that makes photon self interference in the double slits experiment.
A new `wave-particle non-dualistic interpretation' at the single-quantum level, existing within the quantum formalism, is presented by showing the Schr\odinger wave function as an `{\it instantaneous resonant spatial mode}' where a particle moves. For the first time, the position eigenstate of a particle is identified to be related to the absolute phase of the wave function in such a way that its position eigen values always lie on a classical trajectory, proving that the `time parameter' is common to both classical and quantum mechanics. It's brought into light that the quantum formalism demands a different kind of boundary conditions to be imposed to the wave function unlike classical formalism and hence naturally yields the Born rule as a limiting case of the relative frequency of detection. This derivation of the Born rule automatically resolves the measurement problem. Also, these boundary conditions immediately expound Bohr's principle of complementarity at a single quantum level. Further, the non-duality naturally contains the required physical mechanism to elucidate why the Copenhagen interpretation is experimentally so successful. The single-quantum phenomenon is then used to unambiguously explain what's really going on in the Young double-slit experiment as anticipated by Feynmann and the same is again used to provide a causal explanation of Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment.
Abstract Nowadays the most intriguing features of wave-particle complementarity of single-photons are exemplified by the famous Wheeler’s delayed-choice experiment with linear optics, nuclear magnetic resonance, and integrated photonic device systems in the optical platform. Until now, the delayed-choice experiments are demonstrated by either massless photons or massive particles, such as atoms, however, there is no report demonstrating Wheeler’s ideas in a hybrid system which consists of photons and atoms simultaneously. Here, we demonstrate a Wheeler’s delayed-choice experiment in an interface of light and atomic memory, in which the cold atomic memory makes the heralded single-photon divided into a superposition of atomic collective excitation and leaked pulse, thus acting as memory-based beam-splitters. We observe the intermediate states between particle and wave behavior by changing the relative proportion of the quantum random number generator, the second memory efficiency, and the relative storage time of two memories. The reported results confirm Bohr’s view that it makes no sense to illustrate the wave-like or particle-like behavior of light and matter before the measurement happens, and are helpful for improving our comprehension of the complementarity principle under the interface of light-atom interaction.
Delaying Quantum Choice Photons can display wavelike or particle-like behavior, depending on the experimental technique used to measure them. Understanding this duality lies at the heart of quantum mechanics. In two reports, Peruzzo et al. (p. 634 ) and Kaiser et al. (p. 637 ; see the Perspective on both papers by Lloyd ) perform an entangled version of John Wheeler's delayed-choice gedanken experiment, in which the choice of detection can be changed after a photon passes through a double-slit to avoid the measurement process affecting the state of the photon. The original proposal allowed the wave and particle nature of light to be interchanged after the light had entered the interferometer. By contrast in this study, entanglement allowed the wave and particle nature to be interchanged after the light was detected and revealed the quantum nature of the photon, for example, it displays wave- and particle-like behavior simultaneously.